\fe,->  !.,&, 

F 

3408 

C525g 

1907 


Distributed  by  the 
PAN  AMERICAN  UNION 
Washington,  D.  C.,  U.S.A. 

JOHN  BARRETT,  Director  General. 
Francisco  J.  Yanes,  Ass't  Director. 

THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION  is  AN  INTERNATIONAL 
ORGANIZATION  AND  OFFICE  MAINTAINED  BY  THE 
TWENTY-ONE  AMERICAN  REPUBLICS,  CONTROLLED 
BY  A  GOVERNING  BOARD  COMPOSED  OF  THE  SECRE- 
TARY OF  STATE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  THE 
DIPLOMATIC  REPRESENTATIVES  IN  WASHINGTON 
OF  THE  OTHER  AMERICAN  NATIONS,  ADMINISTERED 
BY  A  DIRECTOR  GENERAL  AND  ASSISTANT  DIREC- 
TOR CHOSEN  BY  THIS  BOARD  AND  ASSISTED  BY  A 
STAFF  OF  STATISTIC! ANS,  COMPILERS,  TRADE  EX- 
PERTS. TRANSLATORS,  EDITORS,  LIBRARIANS  AND 
CLERKS,  AND  DEVOTED  TO  THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF 
COMMERCE,  FRIENDLY  INTERCOURSE  AND  BETTER 
ACQUAINTANCE  AMONG  ALL  THE  AMERICAN  REPUB- 
LICS. 


'lo-: 


File: 


Guide    To    Modern    Peru 


Its  Great  Advantages  and 
Vast  Opportunities 


By  A.  de  CLAIRMONT.  M.  D. 

Consul  of  Peru 
TOLEDO.  OHIO 


'iniA   MAP  LIBRARY 
1907 

Ud    :;  u  NOV  1971 


No.:  File: 


His  Excellency,  Dr.  Jose  Pardo,  President  of 
the  Republic  of  Peru 


Map 
Library 

F 
3+0% 


PREFACE. 


The  writer  is  indebted  to  Collier's  Weekly,  for 
matter  from  a  series  of  excellent  articles  which 
appeared  in  that  magazine  during  November  and 
December,  on  South  America,  by  Arthur  Ruhl; 
and  to  the  Rev.  F.  E.  Clark,  writing  on  the  coast 
of  South  America,  in  the  Los  Angeles  Times  of 
April. 

The  Official  matter  has  been  translated  from 
the  booklets  published  by  authority  of  the  Peru- 
vian Department. 

The  writer  wishes  to  call  personal  attention  to 
the  wonderful  resources  of  Peru  from  his  personal 
knowledge  and  travels.  It  is  a  country  which  still 
retains  its  ancient  mystery.  It  is  just  as  possible 
now  for  adventure  and  fortune  as  it  was  in  the 
time  of  Pizarro. 

Do  you  grow  fruits  or  do  you  farm?  You  can 
with  the  knoweldge  and  experience  gained  in  this 
country  obtain  free  lands  in  the  Piches  district, 
where  in  a  few  years  you  may  make  your  fortune 
and  have  a  delightful  home,  the  most  beautiful 
gardens  and  orchards  in  the  World.  Do  you  fish 
and  hunt?  Then,  there  is  for  you  a  trappers  life 
in  the  mamouth  Andes,  where  you  may  glory  in 
the  chase  and  make  your  thousands  in  the  season 
as  well.  Do  you  enjoy  fishing?  A  fortune  awaits 
vou  at  the  sea  shore. 


The  writer  remembers  with  regret  the  fishing 
smacks  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  which  returned 
almost  empty,  having  had  a  poor  catch.  The 
shores  of  Peru  teem  with  shoals  of  "big  fellows," 
and  such  smacks  as  run  to  the  Mexican  Coast  after 
fish  for  Louisana,  could  soon  retire  fairly  rich. 
Fish  packing  and  salting  is  not  understood  in 
Peru. 

Do  you  understand  the  manufacturing  business? 
There  are  chances  in  the  various  cities  of  Peru 
for  small  and  big  capital,  placed  with  experi- 
enced men  to  manage  the  factory. 

The  writer  often  wonders  at  the  profits  that 
will  be  made  by  a  good  creamery  and  cheese  fac- 
tory. There  are  men  in  the  interior  of  Peru,  who 
catch  butterflies  for  a  living  and  they  catch  as 
many  as  five  thousand  insects  per  day  of  the  most 
gorgeous  colors,  which  sell  in  the  European  mar- 
ket for  $1.00  each.  The  writer  once  paid  $2.50 
for  a  certain  specimen  in  London,  which  can  be 
caught  by  the  hundred  within  a  few  hours  in  this 
country. 

The  prospects  in  Peru  are  almost  incredible  and 
in  the  near  future  hundreds  of  thousands  of  em- 
igrants will  bless  the  Lord  for  the  fullness  thereof. 
There  is  not  a  country  to  compare  with  it  in  the 
World. 

Thousands  of  Americans  have  gone  to  Canada 
to  a  long  life  of  toil  for  a  slim  chance  of  a  better 
future  on  free  lands.  Lands  that  freeze  during 
the  long  winter  months  and  where  the  earnings 
of  summer  are  often  spent  to  tide  over  a  rigid 
winter. 

Peru  comes  near  being  a  Paradise.  Every  sort 
of  fruit,  cereal  and  vegetable  grows  without  any 
effort  and  in  great  abundance.  It  is  a  veritable 


land  of  sunshine,  of  flowers  and  fruits,  of  cattle 
and  sheep,  of  natural,  rich  pastures,  of  cotton, 
silver  and  gold.  Poor  man's  gold,  too,  which  may 
be  washed  out  by  hand,  alone,  at  the  rate  of  $10.00 
and  $20.00  per  day. 

The  writer  would  be  pleased  to  give  any  inform- 
ation, maps  and  phamplets  that  may  be  desired  re- 
garding Peru. 

DR.  A.  de  CLAIRMONT, 
Consul  of  Peru, 
Toledo,  Ohio. 


Massive  Bridge  near  Arequipa 


Bird's  eye  View  of  Lima 


A  Central  Rubber  Station 


A  Rubber  Port  in  Loreto,  Peru 


SAILING  out  into  the  Pacific  from  Panama,  the 
Isthmus  lies  behind,  so  low  and  narrow,  and  un- 
derstandable, that  as  you  watch  the  jagged  back- 
bone of  the  continent  disappear  into  the  mists 
on  either  horizon,  toward  Honduras  and  Colombia, 
it  seems  almost  as  though  you  were  looking  at  a 
relief  map,  and  that  if  you  should  climb  to  the  top 
of  the  mast,  for  instance,  you  could  view  both  con- 
tinents from  Alaska  down  to  the  Horn.    This  is  the 
beginning  of  the  real  South  America.     And,  after 
the  third  day  out,  when  the  ship  crosses  the  Line, 
the  rest  of  the  world  seems  very  far  away.     One 
is   aware  of  stepping  into   new   pastures  as   soon 
as  one  boards  the  steamship  at  La  Boca. 

In  the  North  Atlantic,  at  least,  there  is  nothing 
quite  like  those  quaint  arks  that  meander  down 
the  long  highway  from  Panama  to  Peru.  Large  as 
our  smaller  ocean  ships,  but  with  an  extraordinary 
amount  of  deck  space,  and  the  staterooms  all  on 
deck,  they  carry  everything  from  mail  to  fresh  let- 
tuce and  perform  the  functions  of  a  houseboat, 
freight  steamer,  village  gossip,  and  market  garden- 
er. Your  beefsteak  of  to-morrow  stands  on  the 
hoof  gazing  up  at  you  from  the  hatchway  below, 
and  on  the  upper  deck,  beside  the  shuffleboard, 
barnyard  fowls  housed  in  a  doubledccker  coop  blink 
reproachfully  through  the  slats. 

It  is  this  part  of  the  ocean,  between  the  Isthmus 
and  Peru,  which  suggested  to  the  old  Spaniards  the 
name  Pacific.  It  is  like  a  millpond.  And  these 
strange  galleons,  with  their  chicken  coops  and  un- 
happy steers  and  unbranded  inhabitants,  mosey 
along  through  the  heat-shimmer  as  though  there 
were  no  such  thing  as  hurry  in  the  world.  An 
engaging  laxity  pervades  one's  ship.  It  was  al- 
ways a  mystery  to  me  just  how  ours  was  navi- 
gated. 

5 


We  rarely,  big  as  we  were,  did  more  than  eight 
knots,  and  whenever  it  was  found  difficult  to  make 
our  next  port  before  sunset  we  would  slow  down 
and  come  in  the  next  morning.  It  is  a  trifle  over 
three  thousand  miles  from  Panama  down  the  coast 
to  Valparaiso,  and  the  journey  ought  to  be  made 
in  ten  or  twelve  days.  It  now  takes — although  the 
Peruvians  are  organizing  a  faster  line — anywhere 
from  three  weeks  to  a  month.  It  is  about  fifteen 
hundred  miles  from  Panama  to  Callao,  and  our 
journey,  with  stops  at  Guayaquil  and  little  ports 
along  the  coast,  consumed  a  fortnight. 

Slow  as  they  go,  express  boats  cut  across  the  Gulf 
from  Panama  to  Guayaquil,  and  all  that  one  sees 
of  Ecuador  is  the  tropical  banks  of  the  Guayas  river 
and  the  walls  of  Guayaquil. 

There  are  some  sixty  thousand  people  in  Guay- 
aquil, and  the  town  is  the  one  doorway  from  this. 
almost  forgotten  country  to  the  outside  world. 
About  one-third  of  the  chocolate  which  the  big 
world  uses  conies  through  Guayaquil,  and  like  Co- 
lumbia, Ecuador  has  plenty  of  rubber  and  vegetable 
ivory  and  things  in  the  valleys  and  montana  land 
of  the  interior.  But  it  is  as  yet  the  least  finished 
of  the  South  American  republics,  and  in  spite  of 
such  interesting  places  as  ancient  Quito,  where  the 
unhappy  Inca,  Athahualpa,  used  to  eat  off  gold 
plates. 

When  the  ship  sweeps  down  the  Guayas  river  on 
the  swift  Pacific  tide  and  passes  the  town  of  Tum- 
bez — where  that  gifted  ruffian,  Pizarro,  landed  four 
hundred  years  ago  to  conquer  an  empire  with  one 
hundred  and  eighty  men — green  shores  are  left  be- 
hind. For  nearly  two  thousand  miles  southward, 
until  close  to  Valpariso,  the  coast  line  is  as  bare 
as  a  desert  of  Arizona.  On  this  western  slope  of 
the  Andes  there  is  no  rain.  It  is  always  in  sight 
from  the  steamer,  unless  veiled  by  mists — bare, 

6 


tawny,  with  the  ramparts  of  the  Andes  shoulder- 
ing up  and  up,  level  above  level,  pale  and  amethys- 
tine, to  the  white  snow-line.  Along  the  foot  of  this 
rampart,  pasted,  so  to  speak,  on  sand-flats  or  tacked 
into  the  hillside,  are  little  towns,  each  walled  away 
from  the  other,  each  the  gateway  to  the  steamy 
interior,  or  to  a  fertile  valley  made  by  the  melting 
snows,  and  set  in  the  wilderness  of  bare  rock,  like 
a  green  tape  tacked  on  yellow  carpet.  All  the  Pe- 
ruvian coast  is  situated  much  as  Boston  and  New 
York  and  Philadelphia  would  be  if  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains rose  up  from  their  suburbs  and  walled  therp 
away  from  the  rest  of  the  country. 

It  means  a  good  deal  when  a  ship  comes  into 
these  shore  towns — Paita,  Pacasmayo,  Salaverry, 
and  the  rest — our  lazy  galleon  dozed  in  the  warm 
sunshine.  Sometimes  there  were  a  dozen  lighters 
.full  of  freight  to  give  or  take;  sometimes  a  few 
score  casks  of  rum  and  one  lone  passenger  carrying 
his  bed  with  him  would  delay  us  half  a  day.  Some- 
times we  swung  at  anchor  for  hours  while  the  Peru- 
vian doctors  with  sheaves  of  thermometers  took 
temperature  of  every  one  aboard,  and,  mustering  the 
passengers  in  the  music-room  and  the  crew  aft, 
felt  of  everybody's  pulse. 

Except  at  Callao,  there  is  scarcely  a  harbor  on  the 
Pacific  north  of  Valparaiso,  and  at  all  these  little 
ports  along  the  Colombian  and  Peruvian  coast  ships 
anchor  half  a  mile  or  so  off  shore  and  handle  their 
freight  in  lighters.  Away  off  here,  these  boxes  and 
bales  and  casks — with  their  "Kilo  68 — Bordeaux — 
South  Milwaukee — Hamburg — Fragiles — Via  Pan- 
ama— Chicago" — become  almost  flesh  and  blood. 
We  would  lean  on  the  rail  while  they  came  thump- 
ing up  out  of  the  hold,  swung  overside  with  the 
warning  "A-ba-jo!" — watching  by  the  hour,  just  as 
one  might  sit  at  a  cafe  table  and  watch  the  people 
go  by.  International  trade  became  something  in- 

7 


timate,  human,  and  touchable.  There  were  no  ex- 
ports or  imports ;  there  were  Panama  hats  and  sew- 
ing machines  and  milling  machinery  and  fresh 
chocolate  and  cotton  cloth  and  pineapples.  A  sheaf 
of  polo  mallets  bound  for  Quito  went  off  with  the 
rest  at  Guayaquil.  Every  sling-load  had  its  new 
whisper.  The  fascination  of  barter  seized  every- 
body. We  all  became  Phoenicians. 

One  day  after  a  fortnight  of  coasting  the  ship 
sails  around  a  bare  brown  island  and  into  a  hazy, 
tawny-bluish  harbor,  full  of  steamers  and  masts, 
with  a  warship  at  anchor  here  and  there,  pelicans 
swarming  about  as  thick  as  blackbirds,  and  such  a 
prodigious  aspect  of  busyness  afloat  and  ashore  in 
comparison  with  the  toy  towns  of  the  desert  coast 
that  the  drowsy  pilgrim  feels  he  must  almost  brace 
up  to  meet  the  shock  of  the  real  world.  This  is 
Callao.  It  is  the  port  of  Lima,  the  capital — only 
nine  miles  up  the  valley  by  railroad  or  trolley — 
and  the  gateway  into  central  Peru.  More  than  a 
thousand  vessels  touch  here  each  year,  and  through 
it  passes  about  half  of  the  country's  trade.  Earth- 
quakes and  fire  have  attacked  it,  the  Spaniards  bom- 
barded it  in  '66,  fourteen  years  later  the  Chileans 
left  a  little  when  they  got  through.  But  monu- 
ments to  its  heroes  are  taking  the  place  of  ruins  of 
the  war,  thirty  thousand  people  do  business  in  this 
— as  it  were — "downtown"  of  ancient  Lima,  and 
there  is  an  English  club,  from  the  balcony  of  which 
commercial  exiles  reading  the  home  papers  and 
drinking  the  home  drinks  gaze  out  to  sea  and  muse 
sentimentally  on  the  lights  and  songs  of  London 
or  New  York,  or — according  to  their  temperament 
— demonstrate  to  you  in  what  a  lot  of  places  mil- 
lions still  are  waiting  for  the  plucking  here  in  Peru. 

The  strip  of  Peru  on  which  Callao  and  the  little 
coast  towns  lie  is  fifteen  hundred  miles  long,  and 
extends  anyway  from  twenty  to  eighty  miles  into  the 

8 


foothills.  Here  are  plantations  of  coffee  and  sugar 
and  cotton,  and  miles  and  miles  of  fertile  land 
only  waiting,  as  our  lands  in  the  west  waited,  for 
irrigation  to  wake  them  up.  Beyond,  for  three  hun- 
dred miles  or  so,  is  the  mountain  region  with  its 
mines  and  grazing  lands,  and  then  the  rubber  coun- 
try of  the  eastern  m  on  tanas  sloping  down  to  the 
Amazon.  Altogether  there  is  a  territory  about  three 
times  as  large  as  France,  and  to  traverse  its  tangled 
valleys,  only  fourteen  hundred  miles  of  railroad. 
As  a  result,  the  rubber,  for  instance,  of  the  eastern 
slope  is  carried  to  Iquitos  and  thence  by  steamers 
down  the  Amazon  clear  across  the  continent. 

Of  all  the  South  American  capitals  Lima  best 
preserves  in  touchable  wood  and  stone,  in  the  very 
air  of  it,  the  old  Spain  transplanted  by  the  con- 
querors. Pizarro  himself  founded  it,  in  1555,  and 
started  the  walls  which  stand  today.  Through 
these  streets  the  invaders  dragged  their  precious 
falconets,  and  Spanish  cavaliers  in  complete  mail, 
carrying  lances  or  arquebuses,  clanked  impressive- 
lv  generations  before  Hudson  sailed  past  the  island 
which  is  now  New  York. 

When  a  horse  was  almost  as  strange  a  sight  in 
the  New  World  as  a  dinotherium,  Pizarro's  cavalry 
galloped  out  toward  the  enemv  with  their  war  bells 
janglin"  on  their  metal  breastplates;  priests  of  the 
church  swung  their  censers  and  recited  the  exsurge 
Domine  as  the  battle  opened,  nearly  a  century  be- 
fore the  Fathers  landed  at  Plymouth  Rock.  Dust 
had  gathered  on  the  parchment  records  of  Lima's 
library,  its  university  was  old.  before  the  little  red 
school-house  of  the  States  had  begun.  Its  his- 
tory had  been  written  by  its  own  citizens,  its  clever 
young  men  were  satirizing  their  townspeople,  and 
writing  verses  after  the  most  approved  European 
models  when  Chicago  was  merely  a  prairie  swamp. 

And  not  all  the  earthquakes  which  have  shaken 
9 


it,  nor  the  countless  revolutions  and  wars,  have 
been  able  to  destroy  its  ancient  outlines  and  antique 
flavor.  The  very  atmosphere,  which  blankets  the 
town  for  a  good  part  of  the  year  in  a  tawny,  sunlit 
haze — something  more  than  air  and  less  than  mist — 
seems  designed  to  shut  in  and  preserve  the  past. 
One  may  still  see,  overhanging  the  street,  carved 
balconies  which  the  colonists  patterned  after  those 
of  their  native  Andalusia ;  houses  with  inner  courts 
big  enough  for  palaces,  great  spike-studded  front 
doors  almost  as  formidable  as  the  gates  of  a  city. 

Electric  cars  whir  past  moldering  old  monastery 
walls,  within  which,  life  has  scarcely  shown  a  ripple 
of  change  in  three  centuries.  In  the  Cathedral,  the 
sacristan  will  draw  back  the  curtains  from  a  glass 
case  containing  the  very  bones  of  Pizarro.  Stand- 
ing on  the  Cathedral  steps,  you  may  see,  to  the  left, 
the  quarter  from  which  the  conspirators  emerged  on 
their  way  to  kill  him.  One,  as  the  legend  goes, 
stepped  out  of  the  way  of  a  mud  puddle,  and  the 
others  ordered  him  back,  thinking  that  one  who  was 
afraid  of  water  was  not  the  one  to  wade  through 
blood.  To  the  right  across  the  plaza  is  the  govern- 
ment palace,  in  which  they  surprised  the  old  con- 
queror, slaughtered  his  guard,  and  ran  him  through. 
As  he  fell  he  traced  in  his  own  blood  a  cross  on  the 
stone  floor,  kissed  it  and  died.  In  those  days  they 
knew  how! 

The  great  war,  which  left  the  country  flat  and 
helpless  just  as  the  boom  was  developing  in  the 
Argentine,  its  inacessibility,  and  the  comparative 
lack  of  opportunity  which  it  offered  to  immigrants 
from  Europe  have  combined  to  keep  it  back.  A 
few  Chinese  and  Japanese  have  crossed  the  Pacific, 
there  are  British  and  German  and  occasionally 
American  business  men,  but  Peru  has  received  noth- 
ing like  the  stream  of  colonists  which  has  made 
Brazil's  Little  Germany,  Italianized  parts  of  the  Ar- 

10 


gentine,  made  many  of  Chile's  nitrate  fields  like 
British  colonies. 

Today  its  business  men  have  their  Chamber  of 
Commerce  which  applies  the  enerery  which  Latin- 
Americans  used  to  be  so  fond  of  expending  on 
apostrophes  to  liberty,  to  the  agitation  of  commer- 
cial treaties,  customs  reforms,  and  internal  improve- 
ments. 

Of  all  the  railroads  of  this  part  of  the  world  that 
from  Lima  up  to  Oroya  is  the  most  extraordinary. 
It  is  still,  after  pictures  of  its  bridges  have  served 
as  a  stock  geography  illustration  for  a  generation, 
probably  the  most  impressive  piece  of  railroad  en- 
gineering in  the  world.  Built  in  the  days  when 
Peru  was  rich  and  reckless,  it  stands  a  monument 
of  that  time  and  of  that  gifted  Yankee  soldier  of 
fortune,  Henry  Meiggs. 

Meiggs  was  born  in  New  York  state  and  after 
making  and  losing  several  fortunes  in  the  east  he 
took  a  shipload  of  lumber  around  the  Horn  to  San 
Francisco  during  the  gold  days  and  sold  it  for 
twenty  times  its  cost.  He  built  sawmills  and  made 
a  great  deal  of  money,  got  into  difficulties  again 
and  finally  fled  with  his  family  on  one  of  his  own 
schooners,  leaving  behind  him  a  million  dollars' 
worth  of  debts.  He  went  to  Chile,  built  bridges 
and  railroads  for  the  government,  and  again  be- 
came a  millionaire.  Then  he  went  to  Peru  and 
started  to  build  railroads  there.  Meiggs  was  not 
an  engineer,  but  he  could  get  engineers  to  believe 
in  him  and  work  for  him,  and  he  had  energy  and 
ideas  and  the  courage  of  his  imagination.  After 
floating  $29.000.000  in  bonds  he  started  the  Oroya 
road  in  1869.  He  did  not  live  to  finish  it,  but  he 
completed  the  hardest  part.  He  carried  it  up  the 
eyebrows  of  the  Andes  from  the  seacoast  to  the  icy 
galleries  of  the  upper  Cordillera,  and  he  paid  all 
his  debts.  The  legislature  of  California  removed 

11 


him  from  the  danger  of  penalties  for  his  miscon- 
duct, and  he  died  in  Lima  in  1877. 

The  Oroya  road  is  not  only  the  highest  in  the 
world,  but  there  is  no  other  which  lifts  its  breathless 
passengers  to  any  such  altitude  in  such  an  appalling- 
ly short  space  of  time.  The  narrow  gauge  over 
Marshall's  Pass  in  Colorado,  for  example,  climbs  to 
the  twelve  thousand  foot  level,  but  to  get  there  from 
sea  level  one  crosses  the  continent  and  creeps  up  the 
long  ascent  from  the  Mississippi  to  the  Great  Di- 
vide. To  climb  as  the  Oroyo  climbs,  a  Hudson 
River  train  leaving  New  York  would  have  to  as- 
cend, half  an  hour  before  it  reached  Albany,  a  dis- 
tance one  thousand  feet  greater  than  the  sea  level 
to  the  summit  of  Pikes  Peak. 

When  the  war  between  Chile  and  Peru  began, 
Peru  was  the  dominant  power  of  the  west  coast. 
She  was  wealthy,  her  army  and  navy  was  supposed 
to  be  the  strongest,  her  capital  city  had  all  the  pres- 
tige which  attached  to  the  ancient  seat  of  the  In- 
quisition, but,  she  lost  heavily  and  by  treaty,  had  to 
give  up  the  best  and  richest  of  Peru's  provinces, 
Tacna  and  Arica,  which  Chile  was  to  hold  for  ten 
years,  at  the  end  of  which  time  the  people  of  the 
provinces  themselves  were  to  determine  by  a  vote 
to  which  country  they  were  to  belong.  When  the 
ten  years  were  ended,  in  1893,  Peru,  still  weak 
from  the  war,  and  further  distressed  at  the  time 
by  revolution,  had  no  power  to  force  the  holding 
of  this  plebiscite. 

Chile  did  nothing — the  people  of  this  disputed 
provinces  still  being  strongly  Peruvian — to  bring 
it  about.  Nothing  has  yet  been  done,  probably 
nothing  ever  will  be.  Nobody  outside  of  Peru 
believes  that  Chile  will  ever  give  up  the  captured 
territory  unless  forced  to  do  so.  There  are  no  in- 
dications at  present  that  Peru  could  furnish  such 
power.  From  the  nitrate  provinces  which  Chile 

12 


A  Chemical  Laboratory 


Smoking  Rubber,  gathered  during  the  Morning 


took  from  Peru  she  has  already  collected,  in  ex- 
port duties  alone,  some  three  hundred  million  dol- 
lars ;  with  what  was  once  Peru's  property  she  sup- 
ports her  strong  army  and  navy  and  pays  almost 
all  her  expenses ;  nitrate  has  been  such  an  easy 
road  to  wealth  that  Chile  has  hardly  bothered  with 
anything  else. 

The  climate  of  Peru  is  a  great  surprise  to  many 
travelers,  and  most  stay-at-homers,  who  are  in- 
clined to  think  of  it  as  a  hot,  steamy  country  lying 
just  under  the  equator.  Just  under  the  equator, 
Peru  lies,  but  it  is  neither  steamy  nor  unbearably 
hot,  even  in  midsummer.  February  found  us  in 
Peru,  and  February  is  considered  the  hottest  month 
in  this  country,  but  I  have  suffered  far  more  in 
Xew  York  or  Boston  in  August  than  in  the  corre- 
sponding months  in  Lima. 

The  middle  of  the  day  is  hot,  but  not  unbearable ; 
the  nights,  the  evenings  and  mornings  are  delight- 
ful, a  good  breeze  blowing  most  of  the  time,  day 
and  night.  Sunstrokes  are  unknown  in  Peru,  and 
the  dog  has  no  day  he  calls  his  own  in  this  land. 
While  this  is  true  on  the  coast,  it  is  doubly  true  on 
the  high  table-lands  which  constitute  a  large  por- 
tion of  Peru,  where  heavy  wraps  and  warm  rugs 
and  blankets  are  wanted  even  in  midsummer. 

The  reason  for  this  excellent  climate  lies  not  only 
in  the  high  altitude  of  the  plateaus,  but  equally  in 
the  cold,  antarctic  current ;  a  great  ocean  river, 
which  flows  up  the  whole  length  of  the  Peruvian 
coast  from  the  antarctic  seas.  This  ocean  current 
does  exactly  the  reverse  for  the  shores  of  South 
America  of  what  the  Gulf  Stream  does  for  Great 
Britain  and  Scandinavia.  That  stream  warms  the 
cold  countries,  this  stream  cools  the  hot  countries. 

One  has  a  tangible  evidence  of  this  when  he 
jumps  into  his  bath  on  the  first  morning  after  leav- 
ing the  coast  of  Ecuador.  If  he  is  not  prepared  for 

13 


the  change,  he  is  likely  to  jump  out  again  with  a 
shiver,  for  the  water  is  at  least  twenty  degrees 
colder  than  the  day  before.  He  is  only  five  degrees 
south  of  the  equator,  but  the  water  in  the  bathtub 
makes  him  think  he  is  off  the  coast  of  Maine  or  at 
least  on  the  north  side  of  Cape  Cod. 

The  boon  which  this  antarctic  stream  is  to  the 
dwellers  on  the  Peruvian  or  Chilean  coast  of  South 
America,  it  is  hard  to  realize  and  impossible  to  ex- 
aggerate. The  nights  are  cool,  the  days  are  com- 
fortable, sleep  is  refreshing,  the  appetite  revives, 
yellow  fever  is  unknown  of  late  years,  and  the  gen- 
eral health  of  the  people  is  excellent.  Doubtless 
much  of  the  vigor,  energy  and  irrepressible  spirit 
of  these  people  under  difficulties  is  due  to  this 
beneficient  river  of  the  ocean. 

But  a  climate,  however  good,  and  people,  however 
energetic,  cannot  make  a  nation  great,  that  has  not 
the  natural  resources  out  of  which  prosperity 
grows.  But  Peru  has  this  very  element  of  na- 
tional prosperity  abundantly.  As  one  sails  along 
the  barren  shores,  from  the  edge  of  Ecuador  to 
the  southern  boundary  of  Peru,  one  asks  himself  if 
even  a  condor  can  live  on  these  bare  mountains, 
and  inhospitable,  sand-swept  coast?  For  a  thous- 
and miles  the  coast  of  Peru  presents  this  bold, 
grand,  but  unspeakably  barren  appearance.  Mag- 
nificent mountains  tower  up  toward  the  cloudless 
skies  day  after  day  as  one  pursues  his  slow  way 
down  the  coast.  Not  a  tree  or  a  green  bush  can 
be  descried ;  but  an  oasis  apparently  in  the  inter- 
minable desert.  What  must  Pizarro  and  Almagro 
and  the  early  explorers  have  thought  as  they 
sought  for  a  foothold  in  this  new  Eldorado?  Noth- 
ing more  utterly  discouraging  can  well  be  im- 
agined than  these  desert  mountains. 

But  just  behind  them  lay  the  wealth  of  the  Incas, 
gold  and  silver  incalculable,  coffee  and  cotton  and 

14 


spices  and  fruits  and  precious  woods.  So  today 
the  coast  line  presents  the  same  forbidding  aspect, 
but  this  is  only  the  desert  fringe  on  the  rich  cover- 
let which  overspreads  Peru.  Nowhere  does  the 
desert  run  back  for  more  than  eighty  miles  from 
the  coast,  and  usually  not  so  for.  Even  near  the 
shore  are  river  valleys  which  are  wonderfully  fer- 
tile, and,  wherever  water  touches  the  soil  in  this 
rainless  region,  vegetation  springs  up  with  amaz- 
ing rapidity,  and  the  desert  is  transformed  into  the 
garden  of  the  gods. 

Then  there  is  that  long  stretch  of  gradually  ris- 
ing plains,  the  foothills  and  then  the  great  interior 
table-lands  with  their  incalculable  riches.  When 
we  see  in  our  mind's  eye  the  real  Peru  and  forget 
the  dry  and  barren  edge,  we  do  not  wonder  at  its 
recovery  from  the  depths  of  the  political  and  finan- 
cial pit  into  which  it  has  so  often  fallen. 

On  the  occasion  of  Secretary  Root's  recent  visit 
to  Peru,  the  national  assembly  of  commerce  made 
the  distinguished  visitor  an  honorary  member  of 
their  body. 

Through  it  all,  Mr.  Root  bore  himself  with  ad- 
mirable modesty,  tact  and  geniality,  and  endeared 
himself  and  the  American  nation  to  this  as  well 
as  the  other  republics  which  he  visited.  In  every 
one  of  his  numerous  speeches  which  have  been  pub- 
lished in  a  volume,  together  with  the  addresses  of 
the  Peruvians,  he  spoke  with  freshness  and  vigor, 
and,  while  always  cordial,  never  "slopped  over." 

The  United  States  is  evidently  in  high  favor  in 
Peru,  for  American  capital  and  American  men  are 
helping  to  make  the  newer  and  better  Peru  in  no 
small  measure. 

But  the  United  States  and  Peru  are  old  friends 
and  allies.  Peru  has  never  forgotten  how,  in  1852, 
when  some  Americans  claimed  the  Lobos  guano 
islands  off  her  coasts,  and  the  United  States  was 

15 


about  to  enforce  these  claims  with  her  gunboats, 
she  paused  long  enough  to  look  into  the  matter. 
This  convinced  our  country  that  Peru  was  in  the 
right  and  our  countrymen  in  the  wrong,  whereupon 
she  recognized  the  absolute  sovereignty  of  Peru 
over  these  islands.  This  act  of  justice  was  re- 
ferred to  more  than  once  during  the  Root  meet- 
ings, and  in  his  reply  to  one  minister  of  state  Mr. 
Root  said : 

"You  were  kind  enough  to  refer  to  an  incident 
in  the  diplomatic  history  of  the  United  States  and 
Peru,  when  my  own  country  recognized  its  error 
in  regard  to  the  Lobos  islands  and  returned  them 
freely  and  cheerfully  to  their  righful  owner.  I 
would  rather  have  the  record  of  that  act  of  justice 
for  my  country's  fair  name  than  the  history  of  any 
battle  fought  and  won  by  her  military  heroes." 

"Surely,  it  is  worth  while  for  a  nation,  as  for  an 
individual,  to  deal  justly  and  to  love  mercy.  After 
more  than  fifty  years,  the  bread  that  we  cast  upon 
the  diplomatic  waters  in  the  Lobos  incident,  has 
returned  to  us,  and  has  cemented  the  friendship  of 
one  of  the  finest  and  most  progressive  republics 
of  South  America." 

Our  "Mandatory,"  President  Roosevelt,  like  his 
country,  is  immensely  popular  in  Peru.  When  I 
mentioned  his  name  to  one  of  the  high  officials,  he 
threw  out  his  chest,  and  drew  in  his  breath,  and 
exclaimed :  "He  is  the  greatest  man  in  all  the 
Americas.  One  of  the  greatest  America  ever  pro- 
duced." 

Peru  is  the  most  talked-of  nation  in  South 
America  today.  It  stands  as  the  third  richest 
country  in  the  world  for  its  natural  resources. 
Charles  M.  Pepper,  the  special  correspondent  de- 
tailed with  Mr.  Root,  calls  it  "a  vast  treasury 
house."  The  Vanderbilts,  the  Hearst  estate  and 
other  New  York  financiers  have  over  $10,000,000 

16 


A  View  ol  the  Market  Place,  Lima,  Peru 


A  Troup  of  Llama  Carriers  in  the  Mountains 


invested  in  the  Cerro  de  Pasco  mines  of  Peru 
alone,  the  richest  copper  and  silver  mines  in  the 
world. 

Several  millions  have  recently  been  invested  by 
American  capital  in  the  copper  districts.  The  Pe- 
ruvian Gold  Mining  Company  of  Toledo  have  bought 
eleven  gold  mines  of  untold  value  in  the  Nosinis- 
cato  district  in  what  is  supposed  to  be  the  ancient 
gold  fields  of  the  Incas. 

English  and  German  capital  by  the  millions  is 
pouring  into  the  country  and  already  controls 
many  large,  corporate  interests.  Ex-Mayor  Grace 
of  New  York  and  his  associates  represent  some  of 
the  largest  railroad  interests  and  control  many  of 
the  large  government  contracts.  The  Belmonts 
and  Brown  Brothers  have  millions  invested  in  min- 
ing and  rubber  in  Peru  and,  together  with  the  Inca 
Mining  Company  of  Pittsburg,  have  taken  im- 
mense profits  out  of  Peru  as  a  result  of  their  in- 
vestments. 

The  Peru-Para  Rubber  Company  of  Chicago 
has  bought  375,000  acres  of  some  of  the  best  rubber 
lands  in  Peru  which  is  said  to  contain  fine  rubber 
trees  in  great  quantities.  This  company  is  build- 
ing a  public  road  to  connect  two  rivers  between  the 
port  of  Toledo  and  the  port  of  Rosevvater  on  the 
Clairmont  isthmus  (these  names  were  used  in  honor 
of  the  Americans  and  the  City  of  Toledo)  which 
will  open  up  traffic  to  the  interior  custom  port  of 
Iquitos  on  the  Amazon.  The  roads  are  being  built 
for  the  Peruvian  government,  of  which  the  longest 
will  be  58  kilometers  long  and  will  require  103 
bridges. 

When  President  Pardo  opened  congress  July  28, 
'07.  he  called  attention  to  the  rapid  development  of 
agriculture  and  mining,  which,  he  said,  was  due  in  a 
great  measure  to  the  large  amount  of  American 
capital  invested  in  the  republic,  which  would  short- 

17 


ly  enable  Peru  to  demonstrate  to  foreign  financial 
markets  the  prosperous  condition  of  the  country, 
the  guarantees  of  peace  and  the  immense  natural 
wealth  of  the  republic,  thus  opening  up  Peru  to  fur- 
ther foreign  investments,  necessary  for  the  con- 
struction of  railways  and  for  other  productive  enter- 
prises. 

The  budget  for  1906  balanced  at  $11,759,810. 
The  customs  in  1904  furnished  $5,060,405  to  the 
revenues.  The  imports  amounted  to  $21,490,010 
and  the  exports  to  $20,333,195. 

Everybody  in  Peru  is  prosperous  and  the  people 
recovering  from  the  devastation  of  the  war  with 
Chile.  A  gold  standard  of  currency  has  been  main- 
tained for  eight  years  and  the  credit  of  the  country, 
which  was  down  to  zero  not  many  years  ago,  is  now 
so  good  that  $18,000,000  was  recently  borrowed  in 
Germany  at  90  and  92^. 

This  money  is  to  be  used  for  internal  improve- 
ments, for  railways  into  now  inaccessible  sections 
of  the  interior,  and  contracts  for  building  them  will 
be  let  early  this  year.  The  Peruvian  government 
would  be  very  glad  if  American  contractors  would 
become  interested  and  tender  bids  for  this  work, 
because  Peru  is  more  friendly  to  the  United  States 
than  to  any  other  nation.  No  country  is  nearer 
to  us  or  reciprocates  with  more  cordial  feelings 
the  neighborly  interest  we  have  shown  in  her  af- 
fairs. It  is  very  likely,  however,  that  German  syn- 
dicates will  secure  the  contracts  for  the  construc- 
tion of  the  proposed  roads.  The  money  to  build 
them  was  borrowed  in  Germany.  The  great 
Deutscher  Bank  is  taking  a  direct  interest  in  the  en- 
terprises and  negotiated  the  bonds.  The  loan  was 
made  however,  by  the  Trans-Atlantic  Bank,  which 
was  recently  established  at  Lima  with  German  capi- 
tal under  the  protection  of  the  Deutscher  Bank  to 
represent  and  encourage  German  interests  in  Peru. 

18 


The  first  loan  of  $3,000,000  is  secured  by  a  tax  on 
salt,  and  the  second  of  $15,000,000  by  a  tax  on  to- 
bacco, which  brings  in  about  $1,000,000  every  year. 
Under  the  contracts  the  bonds  will  not  be  issued 
until  the  railway  (in  sections)  is  constructed,  in- 
spected and  accepted  by  the  government,  so  there 
is  no  danger  of  a  diversion  of  the  funds  as  has 
sometimes  occured  in  other  countries. 

The  Germans  are  showing  the  same  enterprise 
and  aggressive  policy  in  Peru  that  they  have 
shown  in  Brazil  and  other  parts  of  South  America. 
They  are  gradually  elbowing  the  British  out.  They 
are  absorbing  the  export  trade,  and  in  almost  every 
city  throughout  Latin-America  the  retail  shops,  the 
commission  business,  the  manufacturing  interests 
and  all  kinds  of  enterprises  are  now  owned  or  con- 
trolled by  Germans.  They  have  only  recently  gone 
into  Peru,  but  have  evidently  gone  there  to  stay. 
The  people  of  the  United  States  might  have  had 
the  best  of  everything,  but  we  are  so  much  ab- 
sorbed with  our  own  affairs  that  we  are  very  re- 
luctant to  go  out  into  other  countries.  We  have 
had  for  several  years  larger  interests  than  any 
other  nation  in  Peru. 

There  are  several  other  large  American  enter- 
prises in  Peru,  and  the  New  York  house  of  Wm. 
R.  Grace  &  Co,  for  many  years  has  been  very  prom- 
inent in  mercantile  affairs.  There  ought  to  be 
much  more  trade  between  the  two  countries.  Callao 
is  becoming  a  great  port,  and  when  the  Panama 
Canal  is  opened  will  be  nearly  equi-distant  from 
New  York  and  Liverpool — about  3,300  miles.  The 
principal  staples  of  Peru  are  sugar,  cotton,  wool 
and  rubber,  which  promise  the  greatest  wealth  for 
the  future. 

Peru  is  a  vast  treasure-house.  Its  mineral  de- 
posits are  perhaps  unsurpassed  in  all  the  world. 
The  gold,  silver  and  precious  stones  which  were 

19 


carried  away  as  loot  by  the  conquistadores  enabled 
all  Spain  to  live  in  luxury  for  centuries.  Nowhere 
else  in  all  the  world  was  so  large  a  value  of  port- 
able booty  ever  captured.  And  never  did  any  com- 
munity grow  so  rich  with  so  little  labor.  From 
1630  to  1824,  the  Jesuit  priests  took  twenty-seven 
tons  of  pure  silver  out  of  a  single  valley,  while 
other  mines  yielded  hundreds  of  millions  of  dol- 
lars, even  with  the  primitive  system  employed  by 
the  monks  and  the  native  Indians.  But  for  nearly 
half  a  century  or  more  Peru  went  backward  and 
became  so  poor  that  her  richest  citizens  were  com- 
pelled to  live  on  the  pawnshops.  But  that  period 
has,  happily  passed,  and  with  permanent  peace  the 
country  has  slowly  recovered  its  prosperity, .and  to- 
day enterprises  are  formed  for  digging  the  treasure 
of  the  mountains  and  securing  the  cultivation  of 
the  valleys,  which  are  exceedingly  fertile  and  pro- 
duce all  of  the  staples  known  to  the  tropical  and 
temperate  zones.  Down  in  the  hot  lowlands  along 
the  coast  cotton  and  sugar  are  grown  and  in  the 
mountains  wheat,  corn  and  barley.  The  slopes  of 
the  foothills  furnish  unlimited  pasture  lands,  which 
are  now  practically  unoccupied. 

There  is  room  in  Peru  for  several  millions  of  im- 
migrants, and  every  occupation  known  to  man  is 
open  to  industrious  artisans. 

"To  reach  the  rubber  country  it  is  proposed  to 
build  a  line  from  Oroya  in  a  northeasterly  di^c- 
tion  to  the  river  Ucayali,  which  is  one  of  the  chief 
tributaries  of  the  Amazon.  It  is  about  300  miles 
to  navigable  water,  where  the  rubber  and  other 
products  of  the  country  may  be  shipped  to  market 
via  the  Amazon  and  the  Atlantic  ocean.  The  river 
Ucayali  runs  through  a  rich  country  that  is  now  al- 
most entirely  uninhabited,  but  has  a  fine  climate 
and  offers  unusual  inducements  to  colonization. 
Several  large  tracts  of  land  have  already  been 

20 


Summit  of  the  Andes — Perpetual  Snow  Line 


Gathering  the  Rubber  Sap  which  has  accu- 
mulated during  the  morning  hours 
in  the  Rubber  Belt  of  Peru 


granted  for  colonization  purposes." 

Particulars  about  this  fine  country  will  be  given 
in  another  part  of  this  booklet.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  desirable  parts  of  the  world  for  emigrants  to 
settle  in.  It  is  possible  for  a  family  used  to  farm- 
ing to  have  in  a  few  years  a  beautiful  home  and  a 
nice  sum  in  the  bank  as  well. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  republic  it  is  pro- 
posed to  rebuild  and  extend  two  lines  of  railway 
in  order  to  reach  valuable  deposits  of  coal,  copper 
and  other  minerals,  and  open  up  tracts  of  land  that 
are  suitable  for  vineyards,  fruits  and  general  agri- 
culture. One  of  these  roads  will  be  an  extension 
of  a  short  line  now  running  out  of  Pacasmayo  to  the 
ancient  town  of  Caxamarca,  where  you  will  remem- 
ber that  Atahualpa,  the  "Last  of  the  Incas,"  was 
strangled  in  the  most  treacherous  manner  by 
Pizarro,  after  he  had  filled  with  gold  the  room  of 
the  palace  in  which  he  had  been  confined.  The 
mines  from  which  that  gold  came  have  been  for- 
gotten, but  still  lie  somewhere  back  in  the  moun- 
tains, and,  what  is  much  more  valuable,  there  are 
beds  of  coal  of  good  quality. 

Toledo  capitalists  in  connection  with  Boston  peo- 
ple are  negotiating  for  some  valuable  copper  pro- 
perties and  some  coal  fields  that  are  said  by  a  Lon- 
don engineer  to  be  better  than  the  anthracite  of 
Pennsylvania. 

It  is  the  only  coal  between  the  Isthmus  of  Pan- 
ama and  Southern  Chile,  and  is  needed  by  steam- 
ship lines  along  the  coast.  The  opening  of  the 
canal  will  give  it  even  greater  value,  and  the  Pe- 
ruvian government  will  use  a  portion  of  the  new 
loan  to  open  up  that  territory. 

It  is  also  proposed  to  build  about  a  hundred  miles 
of  road  from  Ilo  to  Moquega  through  a  rich  agri- 
cultural valley,  where  the  soil  is  especially  adapted 
to  vineyards. 

21 


In  addition  to  the  railroads  I  have  described, 
which  will  be  constructed  by  the  government,  a 
concession  has  been  granted  to  an  English  corpo- 
ration to  build  a  line  a  distance  of  200  miles  from 
the  port  of  Chimbote  over  the  mountains  to  the 
town  of  Huaraz,  capitol  of  one  of  the  northern  pro- 
vinces, which  is  the  center  of  a  rich  mineral 
region  with  large  deposits  of  copper,  silver  and 
coal.  An  American  syndicate  has  recently  ob- 
tained a  concession  and  has  deposited  a  forfeit  of 
$60,000  for  the  extension  of  the  present  railway 
from  Payta  to  the  Maranon,  one  of  the  largest 
branches  of  the  Amazon.  This  proposed  line  will 
cross  both  ranges  of  the  Andes  and  open  up  an 
agricultural  country  and  vast  rubber  forests  and 
was  surveyed  by  the  German  engineer  the  man 
most  familiar  with  the  interior  of  Peru,  Mr.  George 
von  Hassel. 

Nearly  all  of  these  railways  have  been  in  contem- 
plation for  many  years,  but  the  government  has 
never  had  the  money  to  build  them.  It  is  now  pos- 
sible to  do  so.  Eighteen  millions  of  dollars  in  gold 
are  at  the  disposal  of  the  minister  of  public  works 
for  this  purpose ;  the  preliminary  surveys  have 
been  made,  and  before  the  end  of  the  year  it  is  be- 
lieved that  the  work  of  construction  will  be  in  pro- 
gress. 

"Our  country  has  never  offered  the  advantages 
that  are  to  be  found  in  Peru  today.  Here  it  is  pos- 
sible for  the  poorest  man  to  carve  out  for  himself  a 
future  and  robust  farmers  can  develop  the  ground 
and  in  a  few  years  make  an  independent  fortune 
for  themselves." 

The  prospector  and  miner  can  pan  out  out  as 
much  as  twenty  dollars  a  day  steadily  from  the 
vast  gold  fields.  I  have  known  of  miners  that  have 
averaged  $160  a  week. 

22 


The  Republic  of  Peru. 


i. 

A  General  Description  of  the  Country. 

Peru  lies  on  the  western  side  of  South  America, 
between  parallels  1°  29'  and  19°  13'  south  of  the 
Equator,  and  between  64°  15'  and  80°  40'  54"  west 
of  the  Meridian  of  Paris.  Its  shores  are  washed 
by  the  Pacific  ocean,  and  its  boundaries  are  the  fol- 
lowing: On  the  north,  the  Republic  of  Ecuador; 
on  the  northeast,  the  Republic  of  Columbia;  on  the 
east,,  the  United  States  of  Brazil ;  on  the  southeast, 
the  Republic  of  Bolivia,  and  on  the  south,  the  Re- 
public of  Chile. 

The  superficial  area  of  the  country  is  1.806,891 
square  kilometers  (697,640  square  miles).  This 
large  area  is  divided  into  three  distinct  zones,  viz. : 
The  coast ;  the  Sierra,  or  highlands,  and  the  Mon- 
tana, or  forest  region. 

By  reason  of  these  divisions  of  the  territory  it 
possesses  every  variety  of  climate,  and  its  geology 
and  topography  are  such  as  to  give  it  all  the  pro- 
ducts of  the  temperate,  torrid  and  frigid  zones, 
which  constitute  the  basis  of  its  internal  and  ex- 
ternal commerce. 

II. 

Political  Organization. 

The  political  organization  of  Peru  is  governed 
by  the  Constitution  of  1860.  The  form  of  govern- 
ment is  democratic  and  representative,  founded  on 
unity,  and  is  vested  in  three  powers — Legislative, 
Executive  and  Judicial. 

23 


The  Legislative  Power  is  formed  by  the  Senate 
and  Chamber  of  Deputies,  the  Executive  is  vested 
in  the  President  of  the  Republic  and  his  Council 
of  Ministers,  and  the  Judicial  comprises  the  Su- 
preme Court,  nine  Superior  Courts,  Justices  of  the 
Peace  for  the  districts. 

The  political  division  of  the  territory  is  as  fol- 
lows :  21  departments,  97  provinces  and  788  dis- 
tricts, which  are  under  Prefects,  Sub-prefects  and 
Governors,  respectively. 

III. 
INDIVIDUAL  GUARANTEES. 

(Title  IV  of  the  Constitution.) 

Art.  16.  The  law  protects  life  and  honor  against 
all  unjust  aggression,  and  cannot  impose  the  pun- 
ishment of  death  except  for  willful  murder. 

Art.  18.  No  one  can  be  arrested  without  the 
written  warrant  of  a  competent  judge,  or  of  authori- 
ties charged  with  the  preservation  of  public  order, 
except  in  flagrant  delicto;  and  in  all  classes  the  ar- 
rested person  must  be  brought  before  the  proper 
tribunal  within  twenty-four  hours.  The  servers  of 
the  warrant  are  bound  to  give  a  copy  of  it  when- 
ever it  is  asked  for. 

Art.  19.  Prisons  are  places  of  detention,  not  of 
punishment.  All  severity  not  necessary  for  secure 
keeping  is  prohibited. 

Art.  21.  All  have  the  right  to  use  the  press  for 
the  publication  of  their  writings  without  previous 
censure,  but  subject  to  the  responsibility  imposed 
by  the  law. 

Art.  22.  The  secrecy  of  letters  is  inviolable. 
Letters  that  have  been  seized  are  not  legal  evidence. 

Art.  23.  Every  employmnt,  trade,  or  profession, 
not  opposed  either  to  morals,  to  health,  or  to  the 

24 


public  safety,  can  be  freely  exercised. 

Art.  26  Property,  whether  it  be  material,  intel- 
lectual, literary  or  artistic,  is  inviolable,  and  no  one 
can  be  deprived  of  his  own,  except  for  the  public 
good,  legally  proved,  and  with  previous  fair  in- 
demnification. 

Art.  27.  Useful  discoveries  are  the  exclusive 
property  of  the  inventors,  unless  they  voluntarily 
agree  to  sell  the  secret,  or  there  arises  the  case  of 
forced  expropriation.  Those  who  are  merely  the 
introducers  of  such  discoveries  shall  enjoy  the  ad- 
vantages of  inventors  for  the  limited  time  that  is 
conceded  in  conformity  with  the  law. 

Art.  28.  Any  foreigner  may  acquire  property 
in  the  Republic,  in  accordance  with  the  law,  and  in 
reference  to  such  property  he  shall  have  the  obli- 
gations and  the  privileges  of  a  Peruvian. 

IV. 

CURRENCY. 

In  accordance  with  the  law  of  December  14,  1901, 
Peru  has  established  its  currency  on  a  gold  basis. 
The  standard  of  currency  is  the  Peruvian  pound,  a 
coin  of  equal  value,  size  and  fineness  to  the  Eng- 
lish pound  sterling. 

All  the  silver  and  copper  coins  that  are  minted 
are  fractions  of  a  Peruvian  pound.  The  pound,  or 
"libra,"  is  equal  to  ten  "soles"  silver. 

It  is  absolutely  forbidden  to  bring  into  the  coun- 
try silver  and  copper  coins  of  any  denomination 
whatever;  this  measure  has  been  taken  in  order  to 
maintain  the  gold  standard. 

The  English  gold  coins,  viz.,  the  pound  sterling 
and  the  half-pound,  have  been  declared  as  legal 
tender  in  the  Republic  the  same  as  if  they  were 
Peruvian  coins  of  the  same  denomination. 

25 


No  paper  money  exists  in  Peru.  There  are  no 
bank  notes,  and  their  issue  is  forbidden  by  law. 

The  following  is  the  list  of  the  banks  doing  busi- 
ness at  Lima.  These  banks  have  branch  offices 
in  several  of  the  more  important  cities  of  the  Re- 
public. 

Capital.     Paid  Up. 

Banco  del  Peru     y     Londres .  s2,000,000  s2,000,000 
Banco  Internacional  del  Peru.   2,000,000     1,000,000 

Banco    Italiano 1,500,000        750,000 

Banco  Popular    500,000        500,000 

Bancos  de  los  Pobres 300,000        100,000 

(s)  is  the  sign  for  soles,  a  tenth  of  a  pound  ster- 
ling. 

V. 

MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 

The  municipal  administration  of  the  Republic  is 
vested  in  the  "Concejos  Provinciales"  (Provincial 
Councils)  and  the  "Concejos  Distritales"  (District 
Councils). 

The  former  are  established  to  regulate,  admin- 
ister and  inspect  the  several  services  of  the  town- 
ships of  their  jurisdiction  in  reference  to  the  fol- 
lowing departments : 

Cleanliness  and  public  health,  with  power  to 
establish  and  enact  such  rules  and  regulations  as 
may  be  necessary  in  all  public  places  and  private 
residences,  and  to  prevent  the  sale  of  all  impure 
food,  drinks  and  medicines,  or  any  of  inferior  quali- 
ties. 

Supply  and  maintainance  of  springs,  fountains 
and  hydrants,  and  the  distribution  of  water  both 
in  the  town  and  the  adjacent  country,  in  so  far  as 
these  may  be  open  to  public  use. 

Inspection  of  public  roads,  so  as  to  determine 
their  location,  direction,  and  everything  relating 
to  public  squares,  streets  and  local  roads. 

26 


Maintenance  and  embellishment  of  the  towns, 
markets,  slaughter-houses,  watering-places  for  cat- 
tle, etc. 

Lighting  and  street  cleaning. 

Primary  instruction  throughout  the  the  province. 

Encouragement  and  protection  of  all  societies  or 
associations  organized  in  the  province  for  the  pro- 
motion and  progress  of  science,  the  arts  and  indus- 
tries. 

Registry  and  census  of  the  province,  and  the 
maintenance  and  inspection  of  all  standards  of 
weights  and  measures. 

The  District  Councils  exercise  in  their  territory 
the  same  attributes  as  the  Provincial  Councils,  and 
have  special  charge  and  care  of  bridges,  roads  and 
the  schools  within  their  jurisdiction. 

In  accordance  with  article  10  of  the  Law  of  Octo- 
ber 14,  1892,  foreigners  may  become  members  of 
the  Municipal  Councils. 

VI. 
HYGIENE. 

Public  health  is  protected  by  the  vigilance  of  the 
Municipal  Councils  and  is  under  the  direct  charge 
of  qualified  medical  practitioners  duly  appointed 
and  paid  by  the  Provincial  Councils. 

There  is  a  Supreme  Board  of  Health  at  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Republic,  and  Departmental  and  Provincial 
Boards  in  each  department  and  province.  These 
Boards  have  the  control  and  vigilance  of  the  ship- 
ping at  the  ports  of  entry. 

In  the  majority  of  the  departmental  capitals 
there  are  hospitals,  supported  by  the  benevolent 
societies,  where  gratuitous  medical  attendance  is 
given  to  all  classes  of  suffering  humanity. 

27 


All  the  benevolent  societies  receive  and  aid  for- 
eigners at  their  establishments. 


.VIL 
MEANS  OF  COMMUNICATION. 

Besides  the  natural  highroads,  fluvial  and  ter- 
restrial, that  exist  in  Peru,  there  are  the  following 
railroads  in  the  country : 

THE  RAILROADS  OF  PERU. 


Gauge. 

Length. 

Miles. 

Paita  to  Piura  

Standard 

62 

Piura  to  Catacaos                       

Narrow 

6 

Pirnentel   to    Chiclayo  

Narrow 

8 

Eten  to  Ferrenafe  and  Patapo  

Standard 

48 

Pacasmayo  to  Guadalupe  and  Yonan. 
Salaverry  to  Trujillo  and  Ascope.... 
Huanchaco  to  Tres  Palos  

Standard 
Narrow 
Narrow 

57 
47 
23 

San  Nicholas  to  Puerto  de  Supe  
Chimbote   to   Suchman  

Narrow 
Narrow 

3 
32 

Central  of  Peru  

Standard 

137 

Callao,  Lima  and  Chorrillos  

Standard 

17 

Lima  to  Ancon  

Standard 

23 

Lima  to  Magdalena  

Standard 

4 

Tambo  de  Mora  to  Chincha  Alta  
Pisco  to  lea  

Narrow 
Standard 

6 

6 

Mollendo   to   Arequipa   and   Puno   to 
Sicuani  

Standard 

7 

Arica  and  Tacna  

Standard 

39 

There  are  besides  several  new  railroad  lines,  some 
under  construction,  as,  for  instance,  the  Cerro  de 
Pasco  Railroad,  which  is  being  bujlt  by  an  Ameri- 
can company,  from  the  present  terminus  of  the 
Central  Railroad  to  the  rich  copper  and  silver  de- 
posits of  Cero  de  Pasco,  and  others  projected,  such 
as  the  lines  from  Lima  to  Pisco,  from  Cerro  de 
Pasco  to  the  coal  fields  of  that  region,  from  the 
coast  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Amazon. 

28 


A  Placer  at  Arequipa,  Peru 


A  View  of  the  Oil  Wells  at  Tumbes,  Peru 


Public  highroads  are  being  built  from  several 
places  to  the  navigable  rivers  of  Eastern  Peru, 
and  a  good  road  has  been  opened  in  the  central 
region. 

Steamship  communication  is  carried  on  to  the 
coast  of  Peru,  and  with  foreign  countries,  by  the 
following  steamship  companies : 

Names.  Between  What 

Countries. 
Pacific  Steam  Navigation 

Company England  and 

Pacific  Coast. 

Compania  Sud-Americana Pacific   Coast 

Kosmos  Line Pacific  and 

Germany. 

The  Merchants  Line New  York  and 

Pacific. 

The  West  Coast  of  Amer- 
ica  Line New  York  and 

Pacific. 

The  Gulf  Line Europe  and 

Pacific. 
Compagnie  des  Messager- 

ies  du  Pacifique France  and 

Pacific. 

Hamburg-American  Line Hamburg  and 

Pacific. 

There  are,  besides,  several  Peruvian  coasting 
steamers  and  sailing  vessels  of  all  nationalities. 

Iquitos,  the  chief  Peruvian  fluvial  port  on  the 
Amazon  river,  is  in  direct  steamship  communica- 
tion with  European  ports,  New  York,  and  the 
Brazilian  ports  of  Manaos  and  Para,  by  means  of 
the  following  steamship  lines :  P>ooth  Line,  Red 
Cross  Line,  and  Amazon  Steam  Navigation  Com- 
pany. 

29 


VIII. 

POSTAL   AND    TELEGRAPH    COMMUNICA- 
TION. 

Peru  is  a  member  of  the  Universal  Postal  Union, 
and  as  such  has  regular  mail  communications  with 
all  nations  of  the  world. 

Two  submarine  cable  companies  unite  Peru  with 
the  outside  world — The  Central  and  South  Ameri- 
can Telegraph  Company  and  the  West  Coast  of 
America  Telegraph  Company. 

The  government  has  established  and  equipped 
telegraph  lines  in  different  parts  of  the  country, 
and  this  service  is  also  being  extended  and  im- 
proved. The  land  wires  have  already  been  laid 
as  far  north  as  Ferrenafe,  while  on  the  south  they 
reach  the  boundary  line,  and  on  the  east  to  Puerto 
Bermudez,  along  the  great  central  route. 

THE  COAST  OF  PERU. 

The  coast  of  Peru  extends  along  the  shores  of  the 
Pacific  ocean  some  1,300  miles. 

The  country  is  traversed  throughout  its  entire 
length  by  the  magnificent  chain  of  the  Andes,  run- 
ning parallel  to  and  at  a  distance  that  varies  from 
20  to  100  miles  from  the  coast.  The  region  be- 
tween is  a  continuous  sandy  desert,  except  where 
watered  by  transverse  mountain  streams,  which 
form  the  very  rich  valleys  of  the  coast,  from 
whence  the  greater  part  of  the  agricultural  wealth 
of  the  country  is  now  obtained. 

The  coast  valleys  are  very  fertile,  and  form  per- 
fect oasis  in  the  arid  plains.  Their  products  are  ex- 
ported all  over  the  world  by  means  of  railroads 
to  the  nearest  ports  and  regular  lines  of  steamers 
plying  along  the  coast. 

The  principal  agricultural  products  of  this  sec- 
30 


tion  are :  Cane  sugar  and  alcohol,  cotton  and  oil, 
rice,  tobacco,  coffee,  cacao,  wines,  and  all  kinds  of 
fruits  and  vegetables.  The  production  of  the  sugar 
cane,  which  is  the  chief  industry,  reaches  to  about 
160,000  tons  per  annum,  while  the  quantity  of  al- 
cohol manufactured  from  cane  is  about  16,000,000 
litres.  Besides  these  agricultural  products  the 
coast  is  rich  in  charcoal,  sulphur,  salt,  petroleum, 
phosphates,  guano ;  and  towards  the  slopes  of  the 
Andes  coal  and  mineral  ores  are  known  to  exist  in 
paying  quantities. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  principal  valleys 
of  the  coast,  from  North  to  South :  Tumbes,  La 
Chira  and  Piura,  Lambayeque  and  Pacasmayo, 
Trujillo,  Chicama,  Santa,  Huacho,  Chancay,  I  ima, 
Canete,  Chincha,  Pisco  and  lea,  Nazca,  Camana, 
Mages,  Tambo,  Arequipa,  Moquegua,  Locumba, 
Tacna,  ets. 

Each  and  every  one  of  these,  and  more  specially, 
Lambayeque,  Chicama,  Canete,  lea  and  Mo- 
pucgua.offer  a  vast  and  fertile  area  suitable  for 
immigration. 

The  farms  in  this  section,  and  the  larger  estates 
or  plantations,  have,  and  some  require,  good  and 
efficient  overseers  to  direct  the  agricultural  labors 
on  them ;  besides,  there  is  a  constant  demand  for 
skilled  labor  in  the  shape  of  mechanics,  sugar-chem- 
ists and  boilers,  distillers,  carpenters,  blacksmiths, 
wine-growers,  and  workmen  in  general. 

A  great  many  of  the  farmers  and  proprietors  of 
estates  let  out  lands  under  contract,  the  conditions 
of  which  vary  slightly,,  according  to  the  locality, 
and  are  more  or  less  as  follows : 

1.  For  good  lands,  having  sufficient  water  sup- 
ply, the  rent  would  be  25  per  cent,  of  the  crops: 

2.  If  the  owner  supplies  oxen,  tools,  implements 
and  seeds,  the  rent  would  be  about  50  per  cent  of 
the  crops ; 

31 


3.  For  the  lease  of  the  land  the  rent  per  annum 
would  be  at  the  rate  of  from  30  to  50  soles  the 
fanegada;  say,  $15  to  $25  U.  S.  currency  per  7.10 
acres ; 

4.  Lastly,  another  method  consists  in  the  sale 
to  the  owner  of  the  land  of  all  crops,  at  a  price  pre- 
viously arranged. 

The  latter  method  is  much  in  vogue  in  cane  and 
cotton  plantations,  in  which  cases  the  crops  are 
sold  by  the  weight  and  delivered  either  on  the  field 
or  alongside  of  the  factory. 

All  and  each  of  these  contracts  leave  a  large 
margin  of  profits  to  the  immigrants,  and  can  read- 
ily give  them  a  small  fortune  from  the  very  outset, 
provided  they  are  economical  and  hard  workers. 

Immigrants  who  may  possess  some  independent 
means  can  easily  obtain  further  facilities  if  they  en- 
gage to  cultivate  large  tracts  of  land. 

The  tendency  today  in  the  greater  part  of  the 
estates  and  farms  of  Peru  is  to  keep  in  separate 
hands  the  cultivation  of  the  raw  material  and  the 
preparation  of  the  products  for  market. 

The  habitable  and  cultivable  area  on  the  coast 
might  be  quadrupled  by  the  construction  of  irriga- 
tion works.  At  Nasca  there  are  other  remains  of 
the  work  of  the  ancient  Peruvians,  and  which  have 
been  successfully  utilized  by  modern  methods. 
The  valley  of  Nasca  is  an  oasis  in  a  desert  plain 
that  covers  4,000  square  miles.  Nature  has  only 
provided  a  minute  water  course,  dry  for  many 
months  in  the  year,  yet  this  region,  through  the 
engineering  skill  of  the  Incas  in  the  first  instance, 
and  the  successful  work  of  latter  day  agriculturists, 
has  been  converted  into  a  vertible  paradise,  teem- 
ing with  cotton  fields,  vineyards  and  fruit  gardens. 
There  are  fifteen  vine  and  cotton  estates  in  the 
Nasca  valley.  These  instances  of  successful  irri- 
gation are  mentioned  here  to  show  how  cultivation 

32 


Getting  Provisions  in  the  Rubber  Field 


A  View  of  the  Oil  Wells  at  Tumbes,  Tern 


was  extended  in  ancient  times  and  how  enormous 
the  productiveness  of  the  Peruvian  coast  might  be 
increased  by  the  judicious  execution  of  similar 
works  at  the  present  day. 

The  greater  part  of  the  desert  area  is  not  rock 
and  sand,  but  land  thirsting  for  water. 

INDUSTRIAL  POSSIBILITIES  IN  PERU. 

Although  Peru  is  better  known  as  a  country  rich 
in  minerals  and  in  tropical  agriculture,  it  is  never- 
theless a  fact  that  there  are  great  industrial  possi- 
bilities in  the  country  by  reason  of  its  varied 
natural  productions,  the  adaptability  of  its  soil  and 
climate  to  the  introduction  of  new  ones,  and  the 
demand  for  certain  manufactured  articles  of  easy 
fabrication  and  ready  sale. 

The  following  is  but  a  partial  list  of  such  possi- 
ble industries: 

Textile  Plants. — The  culture  of  Ramie,  Jute, 
Agave  and  others,  extraction  of  the  fibre,  and  the 
manufacture  of  articles  therefrom,  such  as  cloth, 
bags,  rope  and  cordage,  mats,  nets,  etc.,  etc. 

Steam  Ploughs. — There  are  as  yet  very  few  in 
the  country,  and  there  are  possibilities  of  large 
profits  to  be  obtained  from  their  introduction  and 
the  making  of  contracts  with  the  farmers  for  the 
ploughing  and  preparation  of  their  lands  generally. 

Sugar  Factories. — There  is  room  for  several  more 
central  factories  for  grinding  and  treating  the  cane, 
and  if  properly  installed  are  certain  to  give  good 
returns. 

Such  factories  do  not  occupy  too  much  space ; 
they  are  independent  of  cultivation,  manufacture 
sugar  and  alcohol,  with  a  return  of  25  to  35  per 
cent,  of  the  product,  or  else  they  purchase  the  cane 
by  the  weight  and  treat  it  for  their  own  account. 

All  existing  establishments  for  the  treatment  of 
sugar  cane  and  the  cleaning  of  cotton  are  makiiv 

33 


good  profits,  and  some  of  them  have  already  yielded 
annual  dividends  of  from  13  to  22  per  cent. 

Cotton  Factories. — This  is  a  most  profitable  and 
flourishing-  industry,  and  one  which  calls  for  small 
capital.  The  cotton  plantations  are  numerous  all 
along  the  coast,  especially  in  the  departments  of 
Piura,  Lima,  lea  and  Arequipa.  The  ginning  and 
pressing  of  the  cotton,  the  extraction  of  the  oil 
from  the  seed,  being  undertaken  by  the  growers 
themselves;  but  it  would  undoubtedly  pay  well  to 
establish  a  greater  number  of  modern  gins  and  oil 
plants. 

Spinning  Mills. — At  present  there  are  only  six 
cotton  mills  in  Peru — at  Lima,  lea  and  Arequipa — 
and  they  supply  one-fifth  of  the  consumption. 
These  mills  have  an  aggregate  of  1140  looms. 

The  production  of  raw  cotton  in  Peru  has  greatly 
increased  during  the  last  five  years.  In  1897  the 
exports  amounted  to  12,314,915  pounds,  and  in  1901 
to  17,661,050,  while  the  quantity  used  in  the  home 
consumption  during  the  same  period  rose  from 
176,480  to  352,960  pounds. 

Light,  Portable  Trains. — In  all  the  agricultural 
and  mining  centres  these  trains  could  be  introduced 
to  replace  the  mules  now  in  use. 

Dairy  Farming. — There  is  room  for  great  im- 
provement in  this  industry,  and  for  all  its  several 
branches,  by  the  establishment  of  modern  dairies 
with  improved  machinery.  Skimming  stations, 
centrifugal  separators,  cheese  and  butter  factories 
are  more  or  less  unknown,  and  are  greatly  wanted ; 
their  establishment  would  be  very  profitable. 

Wines  and  Spirits. — Viticulture  is  prosperous, 
and  the  vineyards  of  Peru  are  of  rare  quality.  The 
production  of  wines  and  Aguardiente  is  rapidly  ex- 
tending throughout  the  coast  valleys  by  reason  of 
high  protective  tariff.  A  handsome  fortune  can  be 

34 


made  from  this  source  in  four  to  five  years.  Mod- 
ern and  improved  methods,  and  the  best  labor,  are 
all  that  is  required. 

Skin  Dressing. — This  is  a  growing  industry  and 
one  that  can  be  extended  rapidly,  both  by  reason  of 
the  superior  quality  of  the  native  skins  and  hides 
and  of  the  protective  tariff.  All  sorts  of  leather 
goods  can  be  manufactured  in  the  country,  and, 
therefore,  there  is  a  good  opening  for  the  introduc- 
tion of  proper  machinery. 

The  principal  markets  are  Callo,  Lima.  Trujillo 
and  Arequipa,  and  the  principal  establishments  at 
Lima  are  Labrousse,  Bretoneche,  Freres,  Truel, 
Gotuzzo  Bros.,  Montserrat  &  Limoncillo,  Ferrari, 
Alavena  and  Centenaro,  owned  by  French  and  Ital- 
ians. 

Other  Various  Industries. — We  append  a  list  of 
some  industries  that  could  be  established  in  the 
country  with  no  great  difficulty  and  with  prospects 
of  good  results,  because  in  each  instance  the  prime 
materials  of  manufacture  are  procurable  while  the 
consumption  of  the  manufactured  articles  encour- 
age and  warrant  it : 

CHEMICAL  PRODUCTS. 

Pottery  and  Chinaware. .  .Brushes 
Glassware.  Canning  and 

Nails.  Preserving. 

Sericulture. 

MINING. 
I. 

Peru  is,  above  everything  else,  a  mining  coun- 
try. The  variety  and  great  proverbial  richness  of 
its  minerals  are  a  byword,  and  have  made  it  famous 
since  its  discovery.  There  is  no  mineral  of  value 

35 


that  is  not  to  be  found  in  some  part  of  its  extensive 
territory. 

Silver  is  the  one  mineral  that  is,  perhaps,  most 
abundant,  and  that  is  to  be  found  in  every  section 
of  the  Republic.  In  many  places  it  is  found  in  a 
native  state,  and  the  deposits  are  of  extreme  rich- 
ness. The  greatest  silver  deposits  known  are  at 
Cerro  de  Pasco,  Yauli,  Caylloma,  Hualgayoc,  Re- 
cuay  and  Castrovirreyna.  Copper  mining  is  com- 
paratively a  new  industry  in  Peru,  as  not  until  the 
depreciation  of  silver  did  miners  turn  their  atten- 
tion to  copper,  when  it  was  found  that  it  existed 
in  paying  quantities  in  the  great  silver  districts. 
Within  the  last  few  years  the  copper  mines  have 
produced  enormous  quantities  of  ores,  and  modern 
smelting  works  have  been  established  at  several  of 
the  more  important  centers. 

Cerro  de  Pasco  and  Yauli  are  the  two  best  known 
copper  regions  of  Peru,  but  others  are  known  to 
exist,  as  the  ores  of  Peru  are  always  found  in  var- 
ious combinations  with  different  metals. 

Gold,  which  constituted  the  great  wealth  of  the 
nation  before  the  conquest  by  Pizarro,  was  not 
mined  to  very  great  extent  by  the  Spanish  con- 
querors who,  for  some  reason,  gave  all  their  atten- 
tion to  silver  mining.  For  this  extraordinary  rea- 
son the  gold  mines  from  whence  the  native  Incas 
derived  their  fabulous  wealth  have  remained  more 
or  less  abandoned  for  three  centuries,  and  it  is  only 
now  that  there  is  a  revival  in  this  once  most  lucra- 
tive industry. 

Gold  is  found  in  several  parts  of  Peru.  There  is 
aluvial  gold  generally  on  the  Amazonian  slopes,  and 
throughout  Eastern  Peru,  the  rivers  have  all  gold 
bearing  gravel  beds,  so  that  hydraulic  mining,  the 
most  inexpensive  method  known,  is  likely  at  no 
distant  date  to  assume  great  magnitude. 

Gold-bearing  quartz  is  to  be  found  in  many  of 
36 


Camp  of  a  White  Overseer  in  the  Rubl>er  Forests,  Peru 


A  Group  of  Rubber  Merchants,  in  the  River  Port, 

Port  of  Iquitos,  nearly  three  thousand  miles 

from  the  Ocean,  and  the  only  inland  city 

in  the  World  reached  bv  Ocean  steamers 


the  Departments  of  Peru,  and  it  is  also  found  in 
combination  with  other  metals  and  in  a  native 
state. 

Today,  of  all  the  Peruvian  gold  regions,  theProv- 
inces  of  Sandia  and  Carabaya,  in  the  Department  of 
Puno,  in  Southeastern  Peru,  are  the  ones  that  at- 
tract the  greatest  attention.  These  provinces  have 
become  famous  for  their  aluvial  gold,  which  is 
usually  found  in  small  grains  and  nuggets.  And 
within  the  last  few  years  several  important  mining 
properties  have  been  established  therein  with  most 
satisfactory  results.  Among  these  properties  may 
be  mentioned  the  now  famous  Santo  Domingo  mine, 
owned  by  the  Inca  Mining  Company,  an  American 
enterprise.  Veins,  or  lodes,  of  gold-bearing  quartz 
are  frequently  found,  notably  on  the  Santa  and 
Chuquicara  rivers,  near  the  port  of  Chimbote,  and 
also  in  the  Macate  district.  But  the  mineral  wealth 
of  Peru  is  not  solely  confined  to  these  precious 
metals,  as  there  are  fortunes  awaiting  the  enterpris- 
ing capitalist  and  prospector  in  other  fields,  such 
as  petroleum,  bituminous  and  anthracite  coal,  sul- 
phur, borax,  mercury,  salt,  cobalt,  iron,  lead,  etc., 
etc.  The  coal  fields  of  Peru  are  yet  undeveloped ; 
they  are  vast  and  extend  both  east  and  west  of  the 
great  Cordillera  of  the  Andes.  Some  of  the  finest 
anthracite  coal  is  to  be  found  near  the  port  of  Chim- 
bote, while  in  the  vicinity  of  Cerro  de  Pasco  and  in 
Hualgayoc  the  coal  measures  are  both  large  and  of 
good  quality.  Petroleum  constitutes  today  the 
fuel  for  nearly  all  the  Peruvian  railroads  and  in- 
dustries. This  valuable  product  is  found  in  great 
quantities  in  the  Northern  Department  of  Piura, 
along  the  coast,  and  is  being  worked  by  native  and 
foreign  companies  with  considerable  success. 

Although  no  precious  stones  are  at  present  mined 
in  Peru,  it  is  an  established  fact,  acording  to  Pres- 
cott  and  other  historians,  that  the  ancient  Pcru- 

37 


vians  knew  their  value  and    used     emeralds     and 
rubies  in  their  richer  garments  and  ornaments. 

II. 
MINING  PROPERTIES. 

The  Mining  Code,  which  was  promulgated  on 
July  6,  1900,  establishes  that  any  person  may  ac- 
quire mining  properties,  with  the  number  of  claims 
(pertenencias)  desired,  from  one  to  sixty.  Aper- 
tenencia,  or  claim,  is  the  unit  in  mining  properties 
and  measures  200  meters  by  200  meters,  therefore 
covering  an  area  of  40,000  square  meters  in  the  case 
of  coal,  petroleum,  and  of  gold  placers,  platinum, 
tin,  etc.,  but  in  all  other  class  of  mines  the  per- 
tenencia  only  measures  200  meters  by  100;  that  is, 
20,000  square  meters. 

For  every  pertenencia  the  owner  thereof  must 
pay  the  Government  a  tax  of  fifteen  soles  each 
half  year  (that  is,  fifteen  dollars  American  currency 
per  annum). 

The  administration  of  all  questions  pertaining 
to  the  mining  industries  rests  with  the  Govern- 
ment, which  is  assisted  by  a  Superior  Mining  Coun- 
cil and  by  Delegaciones  and  Diputaciones,  appointed 
by  the  mining  districts. 

Article  39  of  the  Mining  Code  provides  that  for- 
eigners may  form  part  of  the  Diputaciones. 

The  Department  of  Encouragement  and  Public 
Works  is  the  Executive  Department,  having  con- 
trol of  all  maters  pertaining  to  mining;  it  is  this 
Department  that  revises  and  grants  all  titles  to 
mines  and  where  the  records  of  all  mining  proper- 
ties are  kept. 

Article  4  of  the  Mining  Code  of  Peru — The  owner- 
ship of  the  mines  is  separate  and  distinct  from  that 
of  the  superficial  land  or  surface.  The  ownership, 
possession  and  enjoyment  of  same  are  transferable 

38 


in  accordance  with  the  general  laws  and  special  pro- 
visions of  this  code. 

Article  5 — Mining  property  legally  acquired  is 
irrevocable  and  perpetual,  same  as  in  other  property 
and  the  only  special  cause  of  forfeiture  is  failure  to 
pay  taxes  referred  to  in  Article  28  of  this  code. 

Article  25 — Every  mining  concession  shall  pay 
an  annual  tax  of  30  soles  ($15.00  gold)  for  every 
mining  claim  comprised  in  the  perimeter  thereof. 

Article  28 — The  owner  of  a  mine  who  fails  to  pay 
the  semi-annual  tax  may  do  so  during  the  following 
half  year  with  a  penalty  of  50  per  cent.  He  may 
likewise  pay  the  said  penalty  in  the  following  six 
months  up  to  a  month  after  the  official  date  of  the 
publication  of  the  list  of  mines,  in  which  it  will  ap- 
pear as  subject  to  denouncement,  provided  he  shall 
also  pay  a  penalty  of  100  per  cent.,  the  tax  accrued 
during  the  second  half  year  and  the  tax  of  the  third 
half  year  with  or  without  the  first  penalty  accord- 
ing to  the  date  on  which  said  payments  are  made. 
If  the  last  term  expires  without  said  payments  hav- 
ing been  made  the  mine  may  be  denounced.  As 
long  as  no  denouncement  is  made,  the  owner  may 
recover  it  during  the  remainder  of  the  said  last 
half  year  by  paying  the  tax  accrued  with  the  penalty 
of  100  per  cent. 

THE  RUBBER   INDUSTRY. 
I. 

The  New  and  Valuable  Source  of  Wealth  for  Men 
of  Capital  and  Energy. 

The  Peruvian  rubber  industry,  although  not  new 
in  the  history  of  the  country,  rubber  having  been  ex- 
tracted for  many  years  past  from  the  forest  regions 
bordering  on  the  Amazon,  may  be  said,  neverthe- 
less, to  constitute  today  a  new  industry  in  the 

39 


country,  as  it  is  only  within  the  last  five  years  that 
the  Government  has  given  it  any  decided  attention. 
The  recent  explorations  into  the  forest  regions  of 
the  Departments  of  Cuzco,  Junin,  Puno  and  Huan- 
uco  have  given  the  most  satisfactory  results,  and 
it  is  today  a  known  fact  that  rubber  of  good  commer- 
cial quality  exists  in  abundance  in  these  depart- 
ments, as  well  as  in  Loreto,  the  vast  department 
through  which  the  mighty  Amazon  enters  into 
Peru. 

The  Government,  wishing  to  give  every  possible 
inducement  to  capitalists  and  men  of  enterprise  to 
develop  this  great  source  of  wealth,  has  established 
by  law  fixed  rules  to  govern  the  exploitation  and 
extraction  of  rubber  within  its  territory.  And  the 
Department  of  Encouragement  and  Public  Works 
has  been  kept  quite  busy  within  the  last  few  years — 
since  the  promulgation  of  the  law  of  December  21, 
1898 — examining  the  titles  of  parties  who,  in  ac- 
ccrdance  with  the  said  law,  claimed  the  rights  of 
ownership  to  rubber  lands  in  the  Republic. 

There  are  two  ways  of  acquiring  rubber  proper- 
ties in  Peru,  and  as  (according  to  the  Constitution 
of  the  Republic)  foreigners  have  the  same  right 
and  privileges  as  natives  for  the  acquisition  of  real 
estate,  lands,  mines  and  property  of  every  descrip- 
tion, it  is  very  important  for  would-be  investors  in 
Peruvian  enterprises  to  know  how  such  property 
may  be  acquired. 

The  law  has  established  that  the  acqusition  of 
rubber  lands  may  be  obtained,  first,  by  the  lease 
of  lands  containing  rubber-bearing  trees,  and  sec- 
ond, by  the  lease  of  lots  of  rubber  estradas,  that  is, 
groups  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  trees. 

In  the  first  instance  the  Government  grants  a 
ten-year  lease  of  a  certain  number  of  hectares  of 
forest  land,  but  with  the  express  injunction  that  no 
trees  are  to  be  cut  down  or  destroyed ;  the  lessee 

40 


is  to  pay  the  Government  a  royalty  at  the  rate  of 
two  soles  for  every  forty-six  kilograms  (about  100 
pounds)  of  rubber  extracted;  this  royalty  must  be 
paid  at  the  time  of  exporting  the  rubber  and  to  the 
customs  house  at  the  port  of  exportation,  together 
with  the  export  duties  to  which  all  rubber  leaving 
Peru  is  subject.  (The  export  duties  are  the  fol- 
lowing: Jebe,  viz.,  fine  rubber,  8  centavos  Peru- 
vian currency  per  kilogram ;  caucho,  viz.,  India  rub- 
ber, 5  centavos  Peruvian  currency  per  kilogram.) 

In  the  second  instance  the  Government  grants 
a  lease  of  a  certain  number  of  rubber  estradas,  that 
is  to  say,  of  a  certain  number  of  lots  containing 
one  hundred  and  fifty  rubber  trees  each,  at  the  rate 
of  twenty  centavos  Peruvian  curency  (say  ten  cents 
American  currency)  for  each  estrada  per  annum, 
and  another  twenty  centavos  for  each  hectare  (two 
acres  m)  of  land  on  which  the  trees  are  located. 
For  example,  if  ten  estradas  have  been  measured 
off,  embracing  an  area  of  20  hectares  (about  49l/2 
acres),  the  yearly  rental  would  be  six  soles,  say 
three  dollars  United  States  curency. 

It  is  very  important  to  bear  in  mind  that  the  con- 
tracts in  either  case  are  only  perfected  when  the 
Government  has  approved  the  plans  made  by  the 
expert,  previously  proposed  by  the  lessee,  and  ac- 
cepted by  the  Government. 

The  bond  or  guarantee  which  is  mentioned  in 
the  contracts  is  at  the  rate  of  one  sole  of  nominal 
value  in  bonds  of  the  Internal  Debt  per  hectare 
of  land,  and  at  the  rate  of  five  soles,  also  of  nominal 
value,  when  dealing  in  "estradas."  This  is  by  no 
means  an  onerous  condition,  as  it  is  an  interest- 
bearing  capital  which  accumulates  in  favor  of  the 
lessee. 

It  should  not  be  forgotten  that  by  the  decision 
of  July  2,  1900,  the  order  in  which  the  claims  arc 
filed  does  not  govern  the  location  of  the  lots,  but 

41 


that  these  are  located  and  granted  solely  on  the  ap- 
proval of  the  plans,  as  previously  stated.  It  is 
therefore  to  be  understood  that  the  Government 
recognizes  the  contract  as  perfected  when  it  has 
accepted  the  measurement  and  location  by  the 
properly  constituted  and  appointed  expert,  going 
only  by  the  accuracy  of  the  work  done,  and  when- 
ever the  plans  thus  drawn  up  do  not  interfere  with 
other  concessions  previously  perfected. 

This  dicision  has  undoubtedly  been  given  with  a 
view  to  protect  would-be  bona  fide  investors 
against  speculators  who,  owing  to  lack  of  funds 
for  carrying  out  all  preliminary  operations,  might 
prejudice  the  activity  and  means  which  the  former 
may  possess.  Therefore,  the  lessee  who  does  not 
wish  to  lose  his  concession,  or,  at  least,  who  does 
not  wish  to  accept  one  on  land  of  small  value; 
should  hasten  to  propose  an  expert  and  get  ahead 
with  the  work  of  measurement  and  the  drawing  up 
of  plans  for  the  Government  to  complete  the  con- 
tract, so  that  without  loss  of  time,  it  may  begin  to 
have  the  desired  effect. 

This  action  of  the  Peruvian  Government  in  ref- 
erence to  the  leasing  of  rubber  lands  would  prove 
to  what  an  extent  it  is  desirous  of  protecting  the 
rubber  industry.  In  fact,  the  first  form  of  lease— - 
that  which  establishes  the  payment  of  a  two  soles 
royalty  for  every  forty-six  kilograms  of  rubber  ex- 
tracted— is  liberal  to  an  extreme,  because,  as  rubber 
constitutes  one  of  the  most  valuable  and  noble  ar- 
ticles of  commerce,  it  is  only  reasonable  that  the 
Government  whose  territory  is  the  fortunate  pos- 
sessor of  such  a  product  should  participate  in  a 
degree  proportionate  with  the  profits  to  be  derived 
from  its  exploitation. 

The  other  form  of  contract  is  equaly  liberal.  No- 
body can  say  that  an  estrada  of  150  trees,  at  ten 
cents  American  currency,  is  exorbitant,  nor  that 

42 


it  is  an  unjust  imposition  to  exact  a  further  pay- 
ment of  ten  cents  for  two  and  one-half  acres  of 
forest  region;  besides,  this  small  tax  will  help  to 
prevent  great  tracts  of  land  being  taken  up  with 
a  reduced  number  of  estradas. 

TheCaoutchouc,  or  India  rubber,  tree,  is  a  native 
of  Peru,  and  is  to  be  found  in  several  parts  of  the 
Republic.  According  to  Mr.  Spruce,  who  is  known 
to  be  the  highest  authority  on  India  rubber  trees, 
the  forests  of  Peru  throughout  the  Amazonian 
basin  up  to  the  foot  of  the  Eastern  Andes  contain 
vast  forests  of  hevea  trees,  from  which  the  best 
rubber  is  extracted.  In  Peru  there  are  several 
species  of  rubber-bearing  trees,  and  new  specimens 
have  quite  recently  been  discovered  which  are  sup- 
posed to  contain  rubber  of  the  highest  commercial 
value,  but  the  two  species  which  are  most  com- 
monly found  are  the  hevea  guianensis,  also  called 
seringa,  from  which  the  jebe,  or  fine  rubber  is  ex- 
tracted, and  the  caoutchouc,  called  caucho.  The 
trees  grow  in  families  or  groups,  and  often  as 
many  as  one  hundred  trees  can  be  found  grow- 
ing at  short  distances  apart.  The  hevea  is  known 
to  attain  a  height  of  over  sixty  feet,  while  the 
caoutchuoc  does  not  exceed  forty-six  feet.  The 
tapping  of  both  kinds  is  renewed  daily  during  four 
to  five  months,  and  the  supply  of  gum  increases  to 
the  end  of  the  third  month.  When  the  supply  de- 
creases the  trees  should  be  given  a  month's  rest, 
and  it  is  stated  by  the  natives  and  authorities  on 
the  subject,  that,  if  properly  tapped,  the  groups  can 
last  for  twenty  years.  At  the  most  productive 
period  150  trees,  an  estrada,  can  yield  on  an  aver- 
age 35  pounds  of  rubber  per  day. 

As  a  consequence  of  the  liberal  laws  of  Peru  in 
connection  with  this  important  industry  several 
corporations  have  been  organized  quite  recently, 
both  with  native  and  foreign  capital.  Among 

43 


these  are  deserving  of  mention  the  Compania 
Gomera  de  Inambari,  Messrs.  Villalva  &  Co., 
Messrs.  Poras  &  Co.,  the  Bajo  Inambari  Company, 
Mesrs.  Forga  &  Sons,  Messrs.  A.  Kitz  &  Co.,  which 
are  all  in  active  exploitation.  Contracts  have  been 
perfected  with  American,  German,  French,  Eng- 
lish, Italian  and  other  foreign  capitalists  and  en- 
terprising men  for  the  development  of  rubber 
properties,  so  that  this  industry  may  be  said  to 
have  been  placed  on  a  solid  basis. 

As  has  been  mentioned  before,  the  rubber  forests 
of  Peru  are  abundant  and  vast  and  extend  over  a 
very  lage  area  comprising  many  thousands  of 
miles.  The  Rivers  Inambari  and  Tambopata,  in 
the  Department  of  Puno,  are  attracting  at  present 
great  attention,  as  their  banks  are  literally  covered 
with  rubber  forests.  And  the  same  may  be  said  of 
the  banks  of  the  Mazaratequi,  an  affluent  of  the 
Pichis,  and  also  the  Palcazu  and  Mayro,  in  the 
Departments  of  Junin  and  Huanuco.  As  naviga- 
tion is  possible  on  nearly  all  of  the  Peruvian  rivers, 
the  transportation  of  the  rubber  is  easily  accom- 
plished, and  this  constitutes  a  further  inducement 
to  would-be  operators  in  Peru  who  will  have  noth- 
ing to  fear  from  cost  of  transportation  and  gather- 
ing. 

The  Government  has  also  entered  into  contracts 
with  Messrs.  Forga  &  Sons,  Gibson  and  Delvallee, 
and  the  Compania  Gomera  Inambari,  for  the  con- 
struction of  roads  to  their  several  properties,  and 
with  this  increased  facility  the  rubber  industry  in 
Southern  Peru  will  undoubtedly  show  very  shortly 
substantial  returns  to  the  enterprising  pioneers. 

The  extensive  Peruvian  teritory,  with  its  variety 
of  climates  and  great  diversity  of  products  of  the 
three  kingdoms,  offers  special  inducements  to  im- 
migrants, while  the  liberal  laws  on  the  subject  of 
colonization,  ownership  of  forest  lands,  mining 

44 


View  of  the  Plaza,  showing  Cathedral  which  contains  the  bones 

of  Pi/airo,  the  Conqueror.     This  ancient  edifice  is 

nearly  four  hundred  years  old 


A  Tropical  Forest. 


View  of  a  Rubber  Forest  in  Peru 


properties  and  irigation,  are  such  as  to  prove,  by 
their  very  advantageous  conditions,  how  eager  are 
the  Government  and  people  of  Peru  to  direct 
towards  the  country  a  stream  of  good  colonists 
and  a  share  of  the  surplus  capital  of  other  coun- 
tries. 

The  important  question  of  immigration,  and 
especially  that  of  establishing  industrial  colonies 
in  the  Republic,  is  the  natural  aim  of  the  Govern- 
ment. To  attain  this  end,  which  signifies  the 
economic  development  of  the  country,  the  Gov- 
ernment has  been  untiring  in  its  efforts  and  en- 
deavors. Roads  have  been  opened  in  different  di- 
rections, railroads  have  been  projected  and  are  to 
be  constructed,  and  everywhere  there  is  a  revival 
of  agricultural  and  mining  pursuits. 

The  laws  of  Peru  concede  exclusive  rights  to  no- 
body ;  foreigners  and  natives  are  treated  alike  and 
possess  the  same  civil  rights. 

An  immigrant  can  obtain  real  estate  and  become 
the  owner  of  land  in  any  portion  of  Peru.  His 
work  cannot  be  interferred  with.  He  is  protected 
by  the  laws,  and  he  is  only  requested  to  accept 
them  as  they  are  and  to  conform  to  their  provisions. 

P>esides  colonists,  there  is  room  in  Peru  for  good 
and  steady  artisians.  Carpenters,  blacksmiths, 
mechanics,  etc.,  earn  from  two  to  four  soles  per  day, 
according  to  their  ability  and  demand. 

In  the  workshops  and  factories  wages  are  higher 
than  in  other  South  American  countries,  and  as 
there  is  a  scarcity  of  available  workmen,  good 
hands  are  always  certain  of  constant  employment. 

THE  CENTRAL  ROUTE  OF  PERU. 

Among  the  several  regions  of  Peru,  one  that  of- 
fers greater  advantages  to  immigration  is  that 
which  is  crossed  by  the  "Ceniral  Route,"  from  San 

45 


Luis  de  Shuaro  to  Iquitos.  This  route  has  been 
built  at  a  great  expense  and  after  overcoming  great 
difficulties,  stands  out  as  a  proof  of  the  untir- 
ing energy  and  zeal  of  the  Government  that  carried 
it  out.  The  colossal  undertaking  solves  the  prob- 
lem of  rapid,  direct  and  easy  communication  be- 
tween the  Pacific  and  Atlantic  oceans,  and  forms  a 
double  outlet  for  the  products  of  the  three  distinct 
zones  into  which  the  country  is  divided — the  coast, 
the  sierra  (or  mountain)  highlands,  and  the  mon- 
tana  or  (forest)  region.  The  lands  on  either  side 
of  this  highroad,  which  until  the  River  Azupizu  is 
reached  are  hilly,  and  afterwards  more  or  less  flat, 
can  be  taken  up  already  and  developed  by  either 
utilizing  the  natural  products  of  the  region,  viz., 
rubber  of  several  kinds,  gums,  resins,  cabinet  and 
construction  woods,  medicinal  plants  and  dye 
woods,  or  by  the  cultivation  of  cocoa,  coffee,  sugar- 
cane, cocoa  and  other  valuable  products  adaptable 
to  the  climate. 

FOREST   LANDS. 

The  forest  lands  called  "Montana/'  covers  the 
Eastern  region  and  all  of  the  territory  of  the  navi- 
gable rivers  up  to  the  Andes  Mountains,  forming  a 
vast  territory,  of  more  than  one  million  kilometers 
square  and  includes  the  department  of  Loreta  and 
all  the  parts  and  provinces  extending  south  to 
Sandia. 

The  ground  is  covered  with  immense  forests 
which  are  crossed  and  cut  by  rivers  and  streams 
which  flowing  one  into  the  other  invariably  form 
large  navigable  rivers  which  in  turn  forms  the 
source  of  the  largest  river  of  the  world,  the  Ama- 
zon. 

The  exuberance  of  vegetation  of  these  forest 
lands  is  beyond  description.  It  is  sufficint  to  say 

46 


that  there  are  produced  without  any  cultivation, 
trees  of  all  sorts,  fruit  trees  and  woods  of  use  to 
commerce.  The  ground  is  so  fertile  that  when 
once  cleared  it  will  be  completely  covered  over  in  a 
few  days  with  new  vegetation.  The  rains  are  very 
abundant  and  favor  this  exceptional  production. 
No  cultivation  is  necessary,  nor  artificial  watering 
in  these  forest  lands.  It  is  sufficient  to  plant  the 
seed  and  the  ground,  aided  by  the  abundant  rains 
will  force  the  growth  of  the  seed  with  surprising 
strength  and  fertility. 

It  is  sufficient  to  mention  the  following  classes 
of  trees:  1. — Lumber  for  construction.  2. — Me- 
dicinal plants.  3. — All  sorts  of  aromatic  plants. 
4. — Fibres.  5. — Dye  woods.  6. — Rosins.  7 — Me- 
dicinal woods.  8. — Gums  and  rubber.  In  each  one 
of  these  classes  is  included  an  immense  number  of 
families  and  in  these  forests  are  produced,  natur- 
ally, cascarilla  bark,  the  balsams,  rosins,  rubber 
gums,  sarsaparilla.  vanilla,  etc.  with  astonishing  pro- 
fusion. Cedar  and  also  all  sorts  of  hard  wood  are 
found  in  an  increditable  variety  and  quantity. 

In  spite  of  these  immensely  rich  regions,  these 
valuable  lands  are  entirely  uninhabited,  owing  to 
the  population  of  Peru  being  very  scarce.  It  is 
only  the  borders  of  these  rivers,  that  is  the  most 
important  of  them,  that  contain  a  population  of 
100.000  people,  who,  as  a  rule,  work  in  extracting 
rubber. 

Peru  makes  a  universal  call  to  settlers  and 
wishes  them  to  come  and  inhabit  this  region  and 
exploit  its  riches,  which  today,  are  found  abandoned 
for  want  of  people.  When  colonies  are  once  estab- 
lished, formed  of  healthy  and  robust  people,  the 
riches  of  this  property  will  yield  them  immense 
returns. 

47 


THE  REGION  OF  THE  YUCAYALL 

This  river  including  its  tributaries  is  the  actual 
source  of  the  Amazon  River.  The  width  of  the 
Yucayali  is  betwen  one  thousand  and  one  thousand 
two  hundred  yards  wide.  Its  average  depth  is 
never  less  than  eighteen  feet  and  it  is  navigable  for 
steamers  for  nearly  one  thousand  miles. 

This  region  is  without  doubt  the  richest  in  rub- 
ber trees  in  all  the  Republic.  Its  abundance  of 
fine  rubber  trees  will  yield  immediate  and  large 
profits.  Around  the  neighborhood  of  this  great 
river  and  its  tributaries  there  are  immense  terri- 
tories in  which  the  foot  of  man  has  never  trod.  Any 
person,  at  little  cost  of  labor  or  trouble,  can  esab- 
lish  himself  therein  and  carve  for  himself  a  profit- 
able future.  It  is  calculated  that  a  piece  of 
ground  three  miles  square  contains  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  three  million  trees  of  different  species, 
the  most  important  of  which,  are  those  yielding 
caucho  and  fine  rubber. 

In  the  highland  of  this  territory  are  found  the 
caucho  trees  and  in  the  lowlands  trees  yielding 
the  fine  rubber  are  always  on  the  borders  of  the 
rivers  which  renders  transportation  extremely 
convenient.  There  are  several  varieties  of  trees 
which  produce  the  caucho  and  also  a  great  num- 
ber of  plants  that  resemble  caucho  and  which 
yield  good  rubber.  There  are  also  a  number  of 
different  trees  which  produce  fine  rubber,  being 
whiter  and  finer  grained  than  the  common 
caucho.  In  this  neighborhood  the  fine  rubber  tree 
has  a  plain,  smooth  trunk  to  a  height  of  90  feet, 
more  or  less,  and  is  from  two  to  six  feet  thick. 
All  rubber  taken  from  this  region  can  be  sold  at 
the  city  of  Iquitos  at  $22  for  15  kilos. 

It  has  been  customary  in  Peru,  for  the  native 
tappers  to  destroy  the  common  caucho  trees  by 

48 


Summit  of  the  Andes— Perpetual  vSnow  Line 


A  Modern  Store  House  in  the  Rubber  Field 


felling  them  within  a  few  feet  of  its  roots.  These 
trees  would  then  bleed  to  death,  yielding  a  quan- 
tity of  rubber  sap,  sometimes  as  much  as  fifty 
to  one  hundred  pounds.  It  is  now  forbidden  by 
law  to  destroy  these  trees. 

A  fine  rubber  tree  will  not  yield  sap  if  cut 
down.  It  is  an  actual  fact  that  this  part  of  Peru 
has  an  advantage  over  other  parts  of  S.  America, 
in  that  it  has  a  greater  abundance  of  fine  rubber 
yielding  trees  than  the  common  caucho.  In 
Peru,  to-day,  very  few  rubber  plantations  are  be- 
ing worked. 

TARNA 

As  has  already  been  mentioned  the  journey 
from  Callao  to  Oroya  by  railroad  (220  kilometers) 
occupies  one  day.  From  Oroya,  the  present 
terminus  of  the  Central  Railroad,  the  traveler 
goes  to  Tarna  on  mule  or  horseback,  a  distance 
of  three  hours.  Tarna  is  one  of  the  most  pros- 
perous commercial  cities  of  the  Department  of 
Junin;  it  has  from  8,000  to  10,000  inhabitants,  is 
very  healthful,  has  good  schools,  and  is  full  of  re- 
sources. Seventy-eight  kilometers  from  Tarna 
lies  the  fertile  Chanchamayo  Valley.  A  good 
bridle-path  leads  to  it,  and  the  distance  can  be 
covered  very  comfortably  in  ten  or  twelve  hours. 
It  is  at  Chanchamayo  that  the  forest  region  may 
be  said  to  begin.  This  valley  stands  at  3.285  feet 
above  sea-level,  and  it  has  a  healthful  climate. 

Vegetation  is  exuberant  here,  and  all  and  every 
kind  of  tropical  fruits  are  easily  raised. 

There  are  several  valuable  sugar,  coffee  and 
cocoa  plantations,  with  modern  machinery  and 
magnificent  dwelling  houses  in  the  valley.  A 
few  years  ago  their  owners  arrived  there  with  no 
other  means  than  their  own  energy  and  perse- 

49 


verance,  and  today  they  are  well-to-do  and  pros- 
perous members  of  a  prosperous  community. 

A  GUIDE  TO  PERU. 

Tumbes  is  a  small  town  of  2200  inhabitants,  on 
the  Tumbes  River,  and  situated  on  the  boundary 
line  between  Peru  and  Ecuador.  It  has  in  the 
neighborhood  some  extensive  petroleum  deposits, 
which  are  now  being  rapidly  developed.  At  Zor- 
ritos,  close  by,  an  important  refinery  has  been  suc- 
cessfully worked  for  many  vears  past. 

It  was  near  to  Tumbes  that  Pizarro  first  landed, 
at  a  spot  known  as  Comendador  Creek,  25  miles 
south.  Tumbes  was  then  a  flourishing  town,  and 
the  ruins  of  a  once  famous  temple  are  still  to  be 
seen  in  the  vicinity. 

PAITA  (population  about  3500)  is  120  miles 
south  of  Tumbles,  and  in  point  of  commerce  is 
the  third  largest  port  of  Peru.  It  possesses  a 
hotel,  a  theater,  churches,  etc. ;  and  there  is  a  rail- 
way to  Piura,  the  capitol  of  the  department  some 
60  miles  (by  rail)  inland. 

PIURA  is  the  most  important  town  in  the 
north  and  is  the  centre  of  the  cotton-growing  in- 
dustry of  Peru.  It  has  some  10,000  inhabitants, 
a  branch  of  the  bank  of  Callao,  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, and  other  public  buildings,  and  possesses 
a  very  dry  and  salubrious  climate ;  on  this  latter 
account  it  is  much  visited  by  persons  suffering 
from  rheumatism  and  similar  ailments,  the 
method  of  cure  resorted  to  there  having  proved 
very  beneficial.  There  are  several  very  extensive 
cotton  estates  traversed  by  the  railway,  which,  to 
those  interested  in  cotton  culture  would  well  re- 
pay a  visit.  Trains  run  daily. 

There  is  also  an  extension  of  the  line  from 
Piura  to  Catacaos,  6  miles  distant,  and  one  of  the 

50 


most  important  centers  of  the  straw  hat  industry. 

To  the  north  of  Paita  and  55  miles  distant  is 
the  small  port  of  Talara,  remarkable  for  the  ex- 
tensive petroleum  deposits  in  this  vicinity. 
Several  large  and  important  refineries  and  pump- 
ing stations  have  during  the  last  few  years  been 
established  in  the  immediate  neighborhood,  and 
it  is  believed  that  the  industry  is  capable  of  very 
great  development.  Special  tank  steamers  are  al- 
ready employed  distributing  the  oil  along  the 
coast. 

PIMENTEL  is  152  miles  south  of  Payta.  It 
has  a  railway  serving  the  inland  towns  of  Chic- 
layo  and  Lambayeque,  ten  and  nine  miles  distant 
respectively.  There  is  considerable  rivalry  exist- 
ing between  Pimentel  and  Eten  (the  next  port), 
and  the  railways  from  both  towns  running 
through  the  same  districts. 

ETEN.  This  port  is  situated  9  miles  south  of 
Pimentel  and  155  miles  (direct)  from  Paita.  It 
has  a  fine  iron  pier  2,000  feet  long,  the  railway 
running  out  to  the  pierhead;  but  the  roadstead  is 
exposed,  and  has  a  very  heavy  surf.  The  valley 
inside  of  Eten  is  well  populated  and  richly  fertile, 
producing  sugar,  rice,  tobacco,  etc.,  in  consider- 
able quantities.  There  is  a  railway  (broad 
Gauge)  from  Eten  to  PATAPO  (30  miles),  pass- 
ing most  of  the  principal  towns  and  estates. 

The  village  of  Eten,  three  miles  from  the  port, 
is  one  of  the  principal  centres  of  the  straw  in- 
dustry. The  hats  (Panama  straw),  cigar  cases, 
etc.  made  here  are  much  esteemed  for  their  fine- 
ness of  texture  and  excellent  workmanship,  and 
command  very  high  prices. 

The  towns  of  CHICLAYA  (population  11,325), 
12  miles  from  Eten,  LAMBAYEQUE  (popula- 
tion 6,250)  capital  of  the  province  and  29  miles 
distant  and  FERRENAFE,  29  miles  from  Eten. 

51 


are  important  commercial  centers;  in  the  vicinity 
are  the  estates  of  Cayalti,  Patapo,  Pucula,  Ai- 
mendral,  Tuman  and  Pomalca,  which  produce  to- 
gether some  8,000  tons  of  sugar  and  2,000  tons 
of  rice  annually,  the  total  productions  of  rice  for  the 
Department  being  about  10,000  tons  per  year. 

Near  to  Pucala  are  the  ruins  of  a  notable  Inca 
fortress. 

PACASMAYO  is  34  miles  south  of  Eten;  popu- 
lation 2,000.  There  is  a  fair  commercial  move- 
ment considering  the  size  of  the  town.  The  port 
is  good  and  possesses  a  fine  pier,  1,000  yards  long. 
The  chief  exports  are  sugar,  rice  and  cattle,  pro- 
ducts of  the  fertile  regions  in  the  vicinity. 

There  is  a  railway  from  Pacasmayo  connecting 
the  port  with  the  principal  towns  of  the  interior. 

CAJAMARCA,  the  capital  of  the  department  of 
that  name,  built  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Cumbe 
(16,000  feet),  with  a  population  of  15,000.  Caja- 
marca  figures  largely  in  the  history  of  the  Con- 
quest, and  it  was  here  that  Atahualpa  was  cap- 
tured by  Pizzarro  and  held  prisoner. 

SAN  PEDRO  de  LLOC,  a  small  town  of  some 
5,000  inhabitants.  A  tramway  unites  the  town 
with  the  railway  station,  a  mile  and  a  quarter  dis- 
tant. 

CHEPEN,  a  population  about  5,000;  a  centre 
of  commerce  with  the  interior.  Near  here  is  the 
extensive  sugar  estate  of  Lurifico. 

GUADULUPE,  population  4,000.  An  agri- 
cultural fair  of  considerable  importance  is  held 
here  annually,  at  the  commencement  of  Decem- 
ber. The  town  is  also  surrounded  by  several 
estates  of  importance. 

SALAVERRY,66  miles  from  Pacasmayo  and 
256  miles  from  Callao,  is  an  active  commercial 
seaport,  with  a  population  of  about  1500.  The 
principal  exports  are  sugar,  rice  and  alcohol,  from 

52 


Tapping  Rubber  Trees  in  Peru;  showing  the 

little  tin  cups,  which  catch  the  daily 

morning  flow  of  sap 


Cotton  Fields  of  Piura,  where  Egyptian  Cotton  is  grown 
successfully 


the  neighboring  valleys  of  Chicama  and  Chimu; 
also  moderate  quantities  of  metals. 

It  is  connected  by  rail  with  the  town  of  Tru- 
jillo,  as  well  as  with  various  other  places  of  im- 
portance in  the  interior. 

TRUJILLO,  the  capital  of  the  department,  is 
one  of  the  most  important  commercial  places  of 
the  North.  It  is  a  well  built  city,  with  a  population 
of  10,000;  is  a  Bishop's  See,  and  possesses  a 
branch  of  the  bank  of  Callao,  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, Cathedral  and  several  other  buildings  of 
note. 

This  was  one  of  the  first  towns  founded  by 
Pizarro;  and  the  visitor  will  therefore  find  much 
to  interest  him  from  a  historical  point  of  view. 
Some  two  miles  distant  are  the  ruins  of  an  an- 
cient city  called  Chan  Chan,  founded  by  the 
Chimu  tribe  of  Indians,  and  which  gives  evidence 
of  an  advanced  state  of  civilization  in  its  inhabit- 
ants. There  are  also,  nearby,  the  remains  of  an 
Indian  Temple  to  the  sun. 

The  towns  of  note  inland  are:  CHICAMA, 
CHOCOPE  and  ASCOPE,  the  latter  being  the 
terminus  of  the  railway,  and  carrying  on  a  fair 
trade  with  the  interior.  All  of  these  towns  are, 
however,  chiefly  devoted  to  agriculture,  and  in 
the  vicinity  there  are  some  extensive  sugar 
estates. 

SALAVERRY  to  CALLAO.  The  minor  ports 
from  Salaverry  to  Callao  are  served  by  the  Pa- 
cific Steam  Navigation  Company's  Coast  Line, 
running  fortnightly  between  Callao  and  Pimen- 
tel. 

The  principal  of  these  ports  are : 

CHIMBOTE,  a  small  town  61  miles  to  the 
south  of  Salaverry,  situated  in  an  extensive  and 
well-sheltered  bay,  considered  by  many  the  finest 
on  the  coast.  Inland  of  the  town  is  a  very  fertile 

53 


valley    enclosing   various   extensive   sugar    estates. 

These  are  passed  by  the  railway  which  at 
present  runs  from  Chimbote  to  Suchiman  only, 
but  which  it  is  the  intention  to  carry  on  to  the 
southern  extremity  of  the  valley  of  Huaylas. 

There  are  in  the  interior  various  silver  mines 
of  importance  being  worked. 

SAMANCO  and  CASMA  are  small  seaport 
towns,  shipping  metals  from  the  mining  districts 
in  the  interior,  and  also  small  quantities  of  sugar. 

HUARMEY,  43  miles  south  of  Casma.  The 
Ticapampa  Mining  Co.  have  extensive  silver  pro- 
ducing establishments  inland  from  this  port. 

SUPE  and  HUACHO,  90  and  70  miles  from 
Callao  respectively,  export  sugar  and  cotton  from 
some  fairly  important  estates  in  the  vicinity,  as 
well  as  metals  from  the  interior.  Inside  of 
Huacho  is  a  very  fertile  valley,  from  which  Lima 
and  Callao  draw  large  supplies  of  agricultural 
produce  and  fruit. 

At  all  of  the  above  ports  there  is  a  land  tele- 
graph line  communicating  with  Callao  and  Lima. 

CALLAO,  the  principal  port  of  Peru,  has  a 
good  harbor,  a  very  fine  dock  and  breakwater. 

At  La  Punta,  about  two  miles  to  the  south  of 
Callao,  there  are  several  good  hotels  and  excellent 
bathing.  This  place  being  at  the  extremity  of  the 
neck  of  land  separating  Callao  Bay  from  Chor- 
rillos  Bay,  and  exposed  to  the  sea  breezes  from 
the  south  and  north,  enjoys  a  bracing  and  healthy 
climate,  and  is  much  esteemed  by  invalids  on  this 
account.  There  is  a  railroad  between  La  Punta 
and  Callao.  The  hotel  rates  are  modern,  from  $2 
to  $3  per  day. 

LIMA,  the  capital  is  about  eight  miles  inland 
from  Callao,  and  is  connected  therewith  by  two 
railways,  that  of  the  English  Railway  Co.  and  the 
Ferro-Carril  Central  del  Peru. 

54 


Lima  is  the  second  largest  city  of  the  South 
Pacific,  and  possesses  many  fine  squares  and 
churches,  a  prettily  arranged  park,  a  public  library 
and  other  buildings,  which  merit  a  visit.  The 
city  is  built  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Rimac,  some 
500  feet  above  the  sea  level,  and  possesses  a  very 
equable  and  agreeable  climate.  It  has  a  popula- 
tion according  to  the  last  census 

The  city  is  covered  by  a  very  complete  system 
of  tramways,  and  the  principal  streets  are  lighted 
by  electricity.  Hotels  are  numerous  and  good, 
and  the  tariffs  moderate. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Lima,  and  connected  there- 
with by  direct  lines  of  rail  are  the  seaside  resorts 
of  Ancon.  Magdalena,  Miraflores,  Barranco  and 
Chorrillos,  much  frequented  during  the  summer 
by  the  people  of  Lima  and  Callao. 

CERRO  de  PASCO,  12,000  inhabitants,  one  of 
the  richest  mining  districts  in  the  country.  It  is 
situated  at  an  altitude  of  16,500  feet,  and  about 
100  miles  north  of  Oroya.  A  line  of  rail  connect- 
ing this  town  with  Oroya  is  shortly  to  be  built. 

TARNA,  a  thriving  commercial  town  some  15 
miles  to  the  east  of  Oroya.  It  has  a  population 
of  about  9,000  and  is  well  spoken  of  on  account 
of  its  dry  and  temperate  climate. 

JAUJA,  at  an  altitude  of  11,150  feet,  is  the 
chief  resort  of  consumptives  and  persons  suffer- 
ing from  bronchial  affections,  its  climate  being 
peculiarly  beneficial  in  such  cases.  Apart  from 
its  high  standing  as  a  health  resort.  Jauja  is  not 
a  town  of  much  importance,  though  under  the 
Inca  rule  it  was  a  flourishing  and  populous  city. 
The  population  of  the  town  and  its  suburbs  is 
said  to  be  21,000.  It  is  situated  about  30  miles 
to  the  south  of  Tarna  and  50  miles  south  to 
Oroya. 

There  are  also  the  towns     of     CONCEPCION 
55 


and  HUANCAYO  to  the  south  and  CHANCHA- 
MAYO  to  the  east  of  Tarma,  and  distant  about 
two  day's  mule  ride;  and  HUANUCO  a  similar 
distance  to  the  north  of  Cerro  de  Pasco. 

CERRO  AZUL,  72  miles  south  of  Callao,  is  a 
surf  port,  dependent  upon  Callao  Custom  House. 
It  exports  fair  quantities  of  sugar  from  the  ad- 
jacent valley  of  Canete.  The  chief  town  of  the 
district  CANETE,  is  about  five  miles  inland. 

TAMBO  de  MORA  is  a  minor  port,  105  miles 
south  of  Callao  and  14  miles  north  of  Pisco; 
chiefly  occupied  in  the  export  of  wine,  cotton, 
sugar  and  agricultural  produce,  from  the  rich  val- 
ley of  Chincha,  the  estimated  produce  of  which  is 
224,000  gallons  of  aguardiente  (brandy),  12,500 
gallons  wine,  1,200  barrels  rum  and  15.000 
quintals  of  cotton  per  year.  The  town  of  CHIN- 
CHA is  situated  six  miles  from  the  port  of  Tam- 
bo  de  Mora. 

PISCO,  116  miles  south  of  Callao,  serves  as  the 
outlet  for  a  rich  and  fertile  valley  covering  an  ex- 
tensive area.  Though  chiefly  devoted  to  the  cul- 
ture of  the  vine  and  cotton,  for  which  its  climate 
is  particularly  suitable,  it  exports  in  large  quan- 
taties  all  kinds  of  agricultural  produce.  The 
town  of  Pisco  contains  about  4,000  inhabitants ; 
it  possesses  a  tramway,  and  a  fine  pier  600  yards 
long;  also  a  railway  to  Inca,  the  capitol  of  the  de- 
partment, 46  miles  distant. 

ICA  has  a  population  of  10,000,  devoted  to  wine 
and  cotton  production  and  commerce  with  the  in- 
terior. It  is  a  neatly  built  and  well  situated  town; 
and  in  the  immediate  vicinity  are  several  small 
medicinal  lakes,  highly  recommended  for  dis- 
eases of  the  skin  and  stomach,  and  for  rheuma- 
tism. The  province  of  lea  is  said  to  produce 
700,000  gallons  wine,  90,000  gallons  spirits  and 
40,000  quintals  cotton  annually. 

56 


The  principal  towns  in  the  interior  are: 

HUANCAVELICA,  population  9,000,  120 
miles  from  lea.  Close  to  this  town  is  the  famous 
quicksilver  mine  of  Santa  Barbara. 

AYACUCHO,  population  10,000,  182  miles 
from  Inca.  Remarkable  filigree  work,  and  other 
specimens  of  the  silversmith's  art  are  produced 
here. 

CASTROVIREYNA,  some  100  miles  from  lea, 
a  mining  district  of  considerable  note. 

lea  is  the  highway  to  all  these  places. 

Ten  miles  out  from  Pisco  are  the  CHINCHA 
ISLANDS,  once  famous  for  their  guano  deposits, 
from  which  Peru  obtained  an  immense  revenue. 

LOMAS,  152  miles  from  Pisco  and  201  miles 
from  Mollendo. 

Both  of  these  places  are  but  of  minor  import- 
ance, the  staple  productions  of  the  surrounding 
country  being  cattle,  which  are  shipped  along  the 
coast  in  large  quantities,  minerals  wool  and  cot- 
ton. There  are  various  silver  and  copper  mines 
being  worked  in  the  interior. 

MOLLENDO,  the  second  port  of  the  Repub- 
lic, is  a  town  of  5,000  inhabitants.  It  possesses 
two  hotels,  and  is  of  considerable  importance  com- 
mercially ;  as,  being  the  port  for  Arequipa,  Cuzco 
etc.,  as  well  as  for  the  interior  towns  of 
BOLIVIA,  it  ships  large  quantities  of  alpaca  and 
sheep's  wool,  skins,  coca  leaves,  bark,  silver,  tin 
and  copper  ores,  to  the  value  of  about  400,000  an- 
nually. It  is  the  western  terminus  of  the  railway 
to  Santa  Rosa  (Cuzco),  Puno  and  La  Paz 
(Bolivia.) 

AREQUIPA,  the  capital  of  the  department,  is 
a  city  of  about  35,000  inhabitants,  built  at  the  foot 
of  the  extinct  volcano  Misti  (18,650  feet  high), 
and  at  an  altitude  of  7,550  feet  above  the  sea  level. 
It  is  an  important  commercial  city,  and  not  with- 

57 


out  interest  to  the  visitor;  is  well  built,  (the 
houses  being  constructed  generally  of  blocks  of 
lava  has  a  cathedral,  a  bank,  chamber  of  com- 
merce, theatre,  and  some  good  hotels,  as  well  as  a 
club.  There  are  several  thermal  baths  in  the  im- 
mediate neighborhood,  and  on  account  of  its  alti- 
tude the  town  enjoys  a  pleasant  and  healthy 
climate. 

Between  Arequipa  and  Puno  various  silver 
mines  are  being  profitably  worked  on  a  large 
scale. 

From  Arequipa  the  line  extends  to  Puno,  a 
neatly  built  city  of  some  6,600  inhabitants,  on  the 
shores  of  Lake  Titicaca.  Puno  is  at  present  the 
eastern  terminus  of  the  railway  into  Bolivia, 
though  the  line  is  about  to  be  continued  to  La 
Paz  direct. 

The  remarkable  Lake  Titicaca  lies  across  the 
boundary  line  between  Peru  and  Bolivia ;  it  is  sit- 
uated at  an  altitude  of  12,500  feet  above  the  sea 
level,  and  has  an  area  of  over  5,000  square  miles. 
Two  fairly  commodious  steamers  ply  on  the  lake 
regularly  in  connection  with  the  arrival  of  the 
trains  at  Puno,  and  convey  passengers  across  to 
Chililaya  (Bolivia),  a  distance  of  90  miles.  From 
Chililaya  there  is  a  coach  service  to  La  Paz, 
seven  hours  distant. 

LA  PAZ  is  now  the  capital  of  Bolivia,  and  al- 
most all  the  commerce  with  the  interior  is  carried 
on  through  that  town.  It  contains  some  26,000  in- 
habitants, and  being  situated  at  a  considerable  al- 
titude enjoys  an  agreeable  climate,  though  ,  the 
surrounding  country  is  barren  and  poor.  There 
are  five  fairly  good  hotels  in  La  Paz. 

SUCRE,  the  former  capital,  is  some  some  70 
miles  to  the  south,  and  is  a  fairly  extensive  city, 
with  a  population  of  about  40,000.  Near  to  Sucre 
is  the  town  of  POTOSI,  renowned  for  its  rich 

58 


silver  mines.  These  mines  are  said  to  be  inex- 
haustible and  it  is  calculated  that,  since  they  were 
first  systematically  worked  in  1545,  they  have  pro- 
duced metal  to  the  value  of  many  hundreds  of 
millions  sterling. 

"1  think  it  right  in  the  interests  of  humanity, 
and  especially  on  behalf  of  the  numerous  persons 
in  this  country  who  suffer  so  terribly  from  con- 
sumption, to  draw  attention  to  the  great  benefit 
such  sufferers  would  derive  if  they  would  under- 
take the  journey  to  Bolivia.  The  air  in  the 
regions  of  'La  Paz'  Sucre  and  Oruro  is  so  highly 
rarefied  and  dry  that  it  kills  the  bacilli,  the  length 
of  time  required  depending  upon  the  stage  the  dis- 
ease has  attained ;  patients  in  the  first  or  second 
stage  would  be  completely  cured  after  a  short  so- 
journ, but  those  in  the  third  stage  would  prob- 
ably have  to  remain  a  few  years.  Xo  doctors  or 
medicine  are  required,  the  air  being  all  that  is 
necessary,  although  an  almost  complete  ab- 
stinence from  alcoholic  drinks  is  essential.  If 
persons  in  the  earlier  stage  of  the  complaint  would 
go  without  delay,  they  would  after  a  few  months 
be  able  to  return  completely  restored  to  health. 
Numerous  persons  suffering  from  consumption 
are  annually  sent  to  Italy,  etc.,  where  a  cure  is 
generalK  hopeless,  whereas,  if  they  would  only 
undertake  the  longer  journey  to  Bolivia,  they 
would  in  most  cases  regain  their  health." 

CUZCO.  The  city  of  CUZCO  is  supposed  to 
have  been  founded  by  Manco  Capac,  the  first  Inca, 
in  1043.  and  it  was  taken  by  Pi/arro  in  1543.  The 
population  is  about  18,500.  Visitors  to  this  inter- 
esting locality  will  find  much  to  attract  their  at- 
tention, as,  being,  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Incas, 
it  still  possesses  many  remarkable  relics  of  their 
empire,  particularly  the  great  Temple  of  the  Sun, 
which  furnished  such  prodigious  wealth  to  the 

59 


Spanish  invaders,  the  palaces  of  Manco  Capac  and 
his  successors,  the  Inca  canal,  etc.  The  ruins  of 
the  famous  Inca  fortress  of  Saxihuaman  attract 
visitors  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  more 
modern  constructions  of  note  are  the  cathedral, 
one  of  the  finest  and  most  remarkable  buildings 
of  the  kind  in  the  country,  the  university,  mu- 
seum, cloth  factory,  and  several  other  buildings. 
The  city  is  situated  at  an  altitude  of  11,000  feet 
above  the  sea  level. 

Cusco  exports  large  quantities  of  cocoa,  choco- 
late, coffee,  vanilla  , cocoa,  indigo,  sarsaparilla, 
quinine,,  and  other  medicinal  barks  and  herbs,  all 
of  which  are  abundantly  produced  in  the  neigh- 
borhood. Considerable  quantities  of  gold  are  also 
yearly  exported  from  the  Carabaya  district  in  the 
vicinity ;  and  the  engineers  have  been  sent  out 
from  Europe  to  survey  this  with  a  view  to  a  sys- 
tematic exploitation  of  its  hidden  wealth. 

Fifteen  miles  from  Cuzco  is  the  valley  of  Uru- 
bamba,  the  summer  resort  of  the  people  of  Cuzco, 
9,000  feet  above  the  sea  level.  The  celebrated 
ruins  of  Ollanta  and  Tamo,  ancient  fortifications 
of  the  Incas,  are  situated  in  this  valley. 

The  regular  through  steamers  call  at  Mollendo, 
northbound,  every  Sunday  and  Wednesday;  going 
south,  calls  are  made  every  Tuesday  and  Satur- 
day. There  is  a  telegraph  cable  station  there, 
and  land  lines  communicate  with  Arequipa,  Cuzco 
and  La  Paz. 

ILO  is  a  minor  port  about  half  way  between 
Mollendo  and  Arica.  Its  chief  trade  is  the  ex- 
port of  wines,  spirits  and  olives,  for  which  the  sur- 
rounding districts  have  a  high  reputation. 

OPPORTUNITIES  FOR  EMIGRANTS.  In 
the  Highlands  of  Peru,  there  are  immense  oppor- 
tunities for  raising  cattle,  which  is  now  being 
done  in  a  very  small  and  poor  manner.  Cattle 

60 


Exterior  of  the  Post  Office.       This  building 
contains  a  magnificent  court  yard 
and  is  surrounded  by  ex- 
tensive   offices 


Principal  street  of  Li 


raising  in  fabulous  quantities  has  been  made  a 
success  in  Australia,  New  Zealand,  the  Argetine 
Republic  and  Chili ;  while  in  Peru  it  has  been  very 
backward.  There  is  a  chance  for  big  fortunes  in 
this  line,  as  Peru  has  immense  natural  pastures, 
excellent  climate,  and  every  facility  for  grazing. 

There  are  several  companies  that  have  been  or- 
ganized by  Duncan,  Fox  &  Co.,  of  London,  in  var- 
ious parts  of  South  America,  stock  of  which  com- 
panies have  been  sold  at  $10.00  are  now  worth 
$85.00.  Magellen  stock  brought  only  $50.00  and 
is  now  worth  $238.  Stock  sold  by  these  people  in 
other  companies  at  $25.00  par  is  now  selling  at 
$380.00.  The  Chilian  Co.  and  the  Argentine  Co., 
also  organized  by  this  firm,  sold  stock  at  $7.00 
which  is  now  worth  $88.00.  This  only  goes  to 
show  the  value  of  stock  raising  in  parts  of  S. 
America.  Peru  offers  better  advantages  for  this 
than  any  other  part  of  the  Continent. 

SPECIAL  OPPORTUNITIES.  There  is 
needed  in  Peru  very  much  a  fruit  factory  for  can- 
ning and  preserving  fruits.  Sugar,  which  is  pro- 
duced in  immense  quantities  is  very  cheap.  There 
are  a  variety  of  fruits  in  the  country,  which  can  be 
canned  profitably.  There  is  a  fortune  to  be  made 
in  this  line  by  those  who  understand  the  business. 

Peru  has  imported  lard  from  the  United  States 
for  many  years.  It  has  natural  facilities  for  rais- 
ing pork  in  large  quantities.  Corn  can  be  pro- 
duced without  any  trouble,  and  it  is  a  fact  that 
any  one  who  establishes  himself  in  this  country, 
being  familiar  with  hogs  can  in  a  little  while  earn 
quite  a  fortune  in  raising  hogs  for  lard. 

There  are  excellent  opportunities  in  vineyards. 
Considerable  wine  is  made  now  in  Peru  of  excel- 
lent quality,  but  the  affair  is  in  its  infancy.  Those, 
who  understand  vine  culture  and  wine  making  can 
make  quite  a  good  thing  out  of  it  in  this  country. 

61 


There  are  also  great  oportunitics  for  Pottery 
Works,  and  Tube  Works  for  sewers.  There  are 
great  chances  also  for  brick  factories  in  Peru. 

Chemical  products  of  different  kinds  are  all  im- 
ported. As  an  example,  it  may  be  stated  that  im- 
mense quantities  of  sulphur  are  found  in  this 
country,  and  it  is  possible  to  establish  a  factory  of 
sulphuric  acid,  an  article  used  very  extensively  in 
this  country,  and  which  is  now  imported.  Noth- 
ing is  done  in  the  manufacture  of  benzine  nor 
ammonia,  articles  which  could  be  manufactured 
in  this  country  at  a  good  profit.  Alcohol  being 
very  cheap,  about  five  cents  a  liter,  it  is  possible 
to  manufacture  varnishes,  paints,  and  dyes  at  little 
cost.  All  these  things  are  very  easily  manufac- 
tured, require  very  little  capital  and  should  be 
made  very  profitable. 

Another  industry  which  can  be  established  in  this 
country  at  great  profit  is  the  manufacture  of  Port- 
land Cement.  There  is  every  thing  necessary  for 
the  manufacture  of  cement  in  Peru  near  the  coast 
in  accessible  regions  south  of  Lima. 

It  is  very  strange  that  there  is  no  factory  in  Peru 
to  manufacture  cotton  stockings  for  men,  women 
and  children.  In  the  United  States,  small  machines 
are  manufactured,  which  are  used  by  families  to 
make  stockings.  Such  a  machine  could  be  intro- 
duced into  Peru  with  great  profit. 

The  fishing  industry  is  new  in  Peru  and  would 
pay  handsomely  to  any  one  who  would  take  it  up  in 
a  business  manner.  Numerous  fish  are  found  all 
along  the  coast  in  immense  quantities,  which  could 
be  canned  or  salted. 

There  is  an  excellent  opportunity  for  a  glass 
factory  in  Lima.  Everything  necessary  is  found 
in  the  country,  sand  of  excellent  quality  and  carbon- 
ates of  soda  exist  in  abundance. 

MINING.  According  to  a  report  published  bv 
62 


the  Department  of  State  of  Peru,  1905,  the  pro- 
vinces of  Carabaya  and  Sandia  in  the  Department 
of  Puno  and  in  the  provinces  of  Quispicanchi  and 
in  Cuzco  will  surprise  the  world  with  its  wonder- 
ful rich  gold  deposits  to  be  found  in  Peru.  Nearly 
all  the  rivers  in  these  places  carry  gold. 

The  famous  English  traveler,  Sir.  Martin  Con- 
way,  declared,  referring  to  these  zones  that  he 
found  rivers  with  so  much  gold  in  sight  that  they 
are  formidable  competitors  of  the  Transvaal, 
Alaska  and  Australia.  He  estimated  that  in  the 
province  of  Sandia  there  was  to  be  found  290  gold 
deposits,  and  a  great  number  of  deposits  were  to 
be  found  in  the  province  of  Carbaya. 

This  is  the  report  of  all  famous  engineers  and 
mine  experts  who  have  examined  these  vast  gold 
regions.  The  same  authority  states  that  in  the 
Department  of  Poto  there  exists  an  immense  de- 
posit of  auriferous  sand  which  measures  25  kilo- 
meters long  and  20  kilometers  wide,  whose  depth 
is  unknown.  The  part  that  has  been  examined 
shows  300  meters  of  gold  lands  without  reaching 
bed-rock.  In  all  parts  of  these  vast  deposits  ex- 
aminations have  been  made  and  there  has  been 
found  60  cents  per  cu.  meter.  It  is  calculated  that 
this  century  will  have  passed  long  before  these 
grounds  have  been  exhausted  of  their  gold. 

Regarding  gold  quartz,  lately  examined  in  the 
famous  district  of  Montebello,  as  much  as  66  oz. 
of  gold  has  been  found  per  ton  average. 

The  Inca  Gold  Development  Corporation  of 
Peru,  lately  organized  in  London,  England,  owns 
the  concession  to  dredge  the  River  Inanbari  and 
tributaries  and  is  now  having  a  dredge  put  up  in 
Peru.  This  will  be  the  first  dredge  placed  in  the 
country  and  is  the  same  that  has  produced  such 
excellent  results  in  Australia,  Xew  Zealand  and 
California. 

63 


The  Peruvian  Gold  Mining  Corporation,  lately 
formed  in  Toledo,  Ohio,  will  also  place  several 
dredges  on  their  property  in  the  province  of 
Quispicanchi,  in  the  celebrated  gold  fields  lately 
discovered  by  engineer  Hilficker  in  the  Nosinis- 
cato  district.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  gold  de- 
velopment corporation  of  Peru  will  call  attention 
to  the  immense  richness  of  the  Inambari  and  the 
Peruvian  Gold  Mining  Corporation  will  show  the 
world  the  wonders  of  the  gold  fields  of  this  part  of 
Peru. 

It  is  an  actual  fact,  states  the  publication  of  the 
Department  of  State  of  Peru  that  the  treasures  of 
gold  in  Sandia  and  Carabaya  is  very  surprising. 
In  the  placers  of  the  River  Chimayo  a  tributary  of 
the  Inambari,  there  has  been  found  nuggets  of 
great  size.  The  day  is  approaching  when  the 
World  will  be  surprised  by  the  gold  deposits  in 
this  part  of  Peru  which  are  presumed  to  be  su- 
perior to  those  of  the  Transvaal  in  South  Africa. 

EXTRACTS  FROM  THE  PERUVIAN  CUS- 
TOM TARIFF. 

Section  1.— COTTON  GOODS.  Almost  all 
goods  manufactured  of  cotton  pay  a  duty  of  40 
per  cent,  on  the  gross  weight.  This  includes, 
carpets,  cretons,  curtaim,  damask  cloth,  embroid- 
ered cottons,  handkerchiefs,  all  sorts,  plain  or  em- 
broidered, neck  ties,  stockings,  skirts,  shades, 
table  cloths,  threads,  ribbons,  velvet. 

Section  2.— WOOLENS.  This  includes  car- 
pets, cashmere  cloth,  colored  cloth,  embroideries, 
elastic  cloth  made  of  wool,  embroideries  of  silk, 
fringes,  mantles,  satin  of  all  sorts,  with  or  without 
cotton  or  silk  thread,  socks,  stocks,  threads,  rib- 
bons, etc.  All  this  class  pays  40  per  cent,  net  or 
gross  weight  according  to  method  of  packing. 

64 


Section  3.— LINEN  GOODS.  Carpets,  cloths 
of  all  sorts  made  of  linen,  cloth  of  linen  for  cleaning 
purposes,  drill  plain  or  colored,  bed  spreads,  hand- 
kerchiefs, embroidered  or  plain,  mantles  of  linen, 
skirts,  suits,  embroidered  stockings,  sheets,  thread, 
velvet,  etc.  The  above  goods  pay  40  per  cent. 

Section  4.— SILK  GOODS.  Curtains,  cloth  of 
all  sorts,  capes,  coverings  of  all  sorts,  elastic,  em- 
broidered silks  of  all  sorts,  including  those  embroid- 
ered of  gold  or  silver,  handkerchiefs,  ornaments, 
ribbons,  stockings,  silk  in  spools,  silk  of  all  sorts, 
ties,  etc.  These  goods  pay  duty  of  40  per  cent,  gross 
or  net  weight. 

Section  5.— FURNITURE  and  COVERED  ART- 
ICLES. Beds,  blouses,  boots  of  all  sorts,  baby  car- 
riages, chairs  of  spring  seats,  freight  cars, 
gentlemen's  clothes,  ready  made  of  all  sorts,  har- 
nesses, leather,  mattresses,  manufactured  leather, 
made  dresses,  ornaments  of  all  sorts  whether  for 
churches,  or  otherwise,  railway  cars,  saddles,  street 
cars,  small  wagons,  trunks  of  wood,  wrappers,  wheel 
barrows,  valises.  All  these  pay  duty  of  45  per  cent, 
according  to  quantity  shipped  whether  single  or  by 
the  dozen. 

Section  6.— HARDWARE  and  DIVERSE  ARTI- 
CLES. This  includes  everything  such  as  hardware, 
silver  ware,  needles,  lamps,  etc.,  40  per  cent,  either 
each  or  by  the  dozen  according  to  the  article. 
Baskets,  lamps,  musical  instruments  of  all  sorts, 
such  as  violin,  guitar.  Pocket  books — pay  40  per 
cent.  Pianos — 45  per  cent.  Perfumes — 40  per  cent. 
Nails,  ornaments  of  all  sorts — 40  per  cent.  Gro- 
ceries average  about  65  per  cent.  Ordinary  soap — 
65  per  cent.  Articles  for  the  public  service,  articles 
to  be  used  for  shipping  and  marine  services,  mach- 
inery to  be  used  solely  for  the  purpose  of  agricul- 

65 


ture,  all  sorts  of  machines  for  the  purpose  of  mines 
including  steam  pumps  are  admitted  free. 

For  further  information  regarding  special  articles, 
the  duty,  methods  of  shipment,  packing,  etc.,  ad- 
dress Dr.  A.  de  Clairmont,  Consul  of  Peru  for  the 
State  of  Ohio,  at  Toledo,  or  the  Peruvian  Consul  in 
any  other  place. 


FINIS 


66 


INDEX 


Agricultural     Products 37 

Agricultural    Machinery,    Tariff   of 65 

Alluvial     Gold 37 

Amazon   Steam   Navigation 29 

Ancon 55 

Andes    Mountains   30 

Anthracite  Coal   37 

Arequipa 57 

Arequipa,    Population    of 57 

Arequipa,    Altitude   of 57 

Argentine  Co 61 

Ascope 53 

Ayacucho 57 

Ayacucho,    Population   of 57 

Baby   Carriages   65 

Banks    26 

Baskets   65 

Beds   65 

Bed   Spreads,    Wool 65 

Blouses   65 

Bolivia  .  58 


Bolivia,   Capital   of 58 

Bonds    and    Securities 41 

Bona    Fide    Investors 42 

Booth     Line 29 

Boots,  of  all  Sorts 65 

Brandy,     Production    of 56 

Brick    Factory,    Wanted 62 

Brushes   35 

i 

Cabinet   Woods    46 

Callao 54 

Callao,    Harbor    of 54 

Callao,    Hotels    of 54 

Canning    and    Preserving 35 

Caneta   56 

Capes    65 

Carabaya 37 

Carabaya,,    Province    of 37 

Carabaya,    Gold    in 63 

Carpets,   Cotton,  Tariff  of 64 

Carpets,    Linen,    Tariff    of 65 

Carpets,  Woolen,  Tariff  of 64 

Cars,     Freight 65 

Cars,    Street 65 

Cars,    Railway 65 

Castrovireyna    57 

Cattle  Raising,  Advantages  of 61 

Cattle    Raising 52 

Cauchou  Rubber,  Export  Duty  of 41 

Caucho    Trees 43 

Central   Route  of  Peru 45 

Cerro    Azul 56 

Cerro  de  Pasco 54 

Cerro  de  Pasco,  Railroad  of 54 

Cerro  de  Pasco,  Population  of 54 

Cerro  de  Pasco,  Altitude  of 54 


Chairs   of   Spring    Seats 65 

Chanchamayo 49-56 

Chanchamayo,    Valley   of 49 

Chemical   Products   62 

Chepen 52 

Chicama 53 

Chiclaya 51 

Chiclaya.  Population  of 51 

Chilian  Co.,  Stock 6t 

Chilian   War 12 

Chimbote 53 

Chinaware    and    Pottery 35 

Chincha   56 

Chincha     Islands 57 

Chocope 53 

Chocope,    Climate    of 13 

Chorillos   54 

Chorillos.   Watering  Place 54 

Cloth,   Wool 64 

Cloth,   Linen 65 

Cloth,    Silk 65 

Cloth,    Cashmere,    Woolen 64 

Cloth,  Damask,  Cotton 64 

Cloth.  Elastic 64 

Coal    Fields 21-37 

Coast   of   Peru 30 

Cocoa  46 

Coffee 46 

Colonies 45 

Communication,  Means  of 28 

Compagnie   Sud   Americana 29 

Compagnie  des   Messageries  du    Pacifique 29 

Concepcion   55» 

Constitution.    The 24 

Consumption.    Cure    for 55 

Corn,  Profitable   Production  of 61 


Cotton,  Production  of , 56 

Cotton   Factories 34 

Cotton  Goods,  Tariff  of 64 

Coverings,  Silk 65 

Covered   Articles,  Tariff  of 65 

Cretons,    Cotton 64 

Currency 25 

Curtains,    Cotton 64 

Curtains,     Silk 65 

Custom    Tariff 64 

Cuzco 59 

Cuzco,  Population  of 59 

Cuzco,  History  of 59 

Cuzco,  Exports  of 60 

Cuzco,  Gold  in 63 

Dairy    Farming 34 

Damask    Cloth 64 

Descriptive   5 

Dresses,   Made 65 

Drill,    Cotton 65 

Drill,  Wool,  Plain  or  Colored 65 

Duncan,   Fox  &   Co 61 

Dye,    Woods 46-47 

Elastic,   Cloth,   Wool 64 

Elastic  ,Silk 65 

Embroideries,     Cotton 64 

Embroideries,  Woolen 64 

Embroideries,   Silk 65 

Emigrants,   Opportunities   for 60 

Emigrants,    Desired 20 

English    Capital 17-22 

Estradas   43 

Eten    51 

Export  Duty.  Caucho  Rubber 41 


Export  Duty,  Para  Rubber 41 

Factories,    Cotton 34 

Factories,    Sugar 33 

Farming,  Advantages  of 31 

Farm,   Dairy 34 

Ferrenafe 51 

Fertile     Valleys 31 

Fibers 47 

Fishing  Industry,  Fortunes  in 62. 

Foreign    Loans,   How   Secured 19 

Foreigner's    Rights 25 

Forest    Lands 46 

Forest   Rubber 44 

Freight  Cars 65 

Fringes.   Woolen 64 

Fruit  Factory,  Wanted 61 

Furniture  and  Covered  Articles,  Tariff  of 65 

Gentlemen's   Clothes,   Ready  Made 65 

German  Capital 17 

Germans   in    Peru 19 

Glassware 35 

Gold    Standard 25 

Gold   36 

Gold     Quartz 36 

Gold    in    Ouispicanchi 63-64 

Gold   in  Carabaya 37 

Government,   Municipal 26 

Grazing  Lands 61 

Groceries,  Tariff  on 65 

Guadulupe 52 

Guarantees.     Individual 24 

Guide  to   Peru 50 

Guitars,  Tariff  on 65 

Gulf   Line,   The 29 

Gums   .                                                                          .  46 


Hamburg-American    Line 29 

Hardware  and  Diverse  Articles,  Tariff  on....  65 

Harnesses,  Tariff  of 65 

Handkerchiefs,    Cotton 64 

Handkerchiefs,    Linen 65 

Handkerchiefs,    Silk 65 

Hevea  Trees 43 

Hilficker,    Adolph 64 

Hogs,   Profitable  Raising  of 57 

Huancavelica   57 

Huancavelica,   Population  of 57 

Huancavelica,  Mines  of 57 

Huanuco  56 

Huancayo 56 

i 

Ica 56 

lea,    Population    of 56 

Ica,   Products  of 56 

Ilo 60 

Inambari    River 44 

Inca 56 

Inca    Mining   Co 37 

Inca  Gold  Development  Co 63 

Individual    Guarantees 24 

Industrial   Possibilities  in   Peru 33 

Industries,     Various 35 

Industries,    Rubber 39 

Instruments,  Musical 65 

Instruments  and  Diverse  Articles 65 

Internal    Improvements 18 

Iquitos 29 

Jauja   55 

Jauja,  Resort  for  Consumptives 55 

Jauja,    Population    of 55 


Kosmos    Line 29 

i 

Lake  Titicaca 58 

Lake  Titicaca,  Altitude  of 58 

Lake  Titicaca,  Steamers  of 58 

Lake  Titicaca,  Area  of 58 

Lambayeque 51 

Lamps 65 

Lands,  Mining 39 

Lands,  Rubber 40 

La  Paz 58 

La  Paz.  Population  of 58 

Lard  Factory,  Wanted 61 

Leather  Mattresses 40 

Leather  Manufactured 65 

Leather  65 

Lima 54 

Lima,  Railroads  to 54 

Linen  Goods,  Tariff  of 65 

\ 

Machines  for  Mines,  Tariff  of 65 

Machines  for  Agriculture,  Tariff  of 65 

Magellan   61 

Magellan    Stock 61 

Magdalinc.  Resort  of 55 

Mantles.    Linen 65 

Mantles.    Woolen 64 

Marine    Service    for 65 

Means  of  Communication 28 

Medicinal    Plants 46 

Meiggs.  Col 11 

Merchants    Line 29 

Mills.    Spinning 34 

Mills.    Sugar 33 

Mines.    Legality   of 39 

Mining 35 


Mining  Code 38 

Mining   Law 39 

Mining  Tax 38 

Mining   Penalty 39 

Mining   Properties 38 

Mollendo,  Port  of 57 

Mollendo.   Shipment  of 57 

Montebello,    Gold    in 63 

Musical    Instruments 65 

Municipal    Government 26 

Nails   35 

Napurta,    Hotel    in 54 

Nasca,  Valley  of 32 

Natural     Pastures 61 

Navigation    of    Rivers 

Neck  Ties,   Cotton 65 

Neck  Ties,  Silk 64 

Needles  65 

Opportunities,  .  Special 61 

Opportunities  for  Emigrants 60 

Ornaments,   All   Sorts 65 

Oroya   55 

Oroya    Railroad 12 

Oruro,   Wonderful   Cures   of 59 

Pacasmayo 52 

Pacasmayo,   Population   of 52 

Pacific    Steam    Navigation 29 

Paita   50 

Paita,    Population    of 50 

Palcazo    River 44 

Par*  Rubber,  Export  Duty 41 

Penalty.    Mining 39 

Peru,    Coast    of 30 


Peru,   Para  Rubber  Co 17 

Peruvian  Gold  Mining  Corporation 64 

Peruvian  Custom  Tariff 64 

Perfumes 65 

Peruvian    Bridges 18 

Petroleum    37 

Pianos 65 

Piches  River 44 

Pimental  53 

Pisco,   Port   of 56 

Pisco,    Population    of 56 

Pisco,   Products   of 56 

Piura  50 

Piura,    Population   of 50 

Piura,   Salubrius    Climate 50 

Plantations,     Rubber 49 

Pocket  Books 65 

Political    Organizations 23 

Portland  Cement  Factories  Wanted 62 

Portable  Trains 34 

Possibilities  in  Peru 33 

Postal  and  Telegraph  Communication 30 

Pottery    and    Chinaware 35 

Pottery   Works   Wanted 62 

Poto,  Gold  Deposit  in 63 

Potosi 58 

Potosi.  Silver  Mines 58 

Preserving  and  Canning 35 

Proposed    Railroads 21 

Propertv.   How   Acquired 25 

Puno.   Gold   in 63 

Puno.    Population    of 57 

Public  Health 27 

Quispicanchi.  Gold  in 63-64 

Railroads  of  Peru..  28 


Railway   Cars 65 

Red  Cross  Line 29 

Real  Estate,  How  Acquired 44 

Region  of  the  Yucayali 48 

Republic   of   Peru 23 

Rheumatism,    Cures    for 50 

Ribbons,    Wool 64 

Ribbons,    Silk 65 

Ribbons,  Cotton 64 

Rice  52 

Rights  of  Foreigners 25-40 

Rosins   46 

Root,  Sec'y,  in   Peru 15 

Rubber,    How    Acquired 40 

Rubber,    Industry 39 

Rubber  Lands,  Laws  of 40 

Rubber     Leases 40 

Rubber  Sap,  Yield  of 49 

Ruins   of  Fortifications 60 

Ruins    of   Chanchan 53 

Rum,  Production  of 56 

Saddles   65 

Salaverry   52 

Sandia,   Province 37 

Sadia,   Gold  in 63 

San  Pedro  de  Lloc 52 

Santo   Domingo   Mine 37 

Satin,  All  Sorts 64 

Seats    with    Springs 65 

Sericulture   35 

Shades,     Cotton 64 

Sheets,   Cotton 65 

Sheets,   Linen 65 

Shipping  Service   for 65 

Silk,  of  all  sorts,  Tariff 65 

Silver  .  .   36 


Silver  Mines « 54 

Silverware   65 

Skin   Dressing  and  Tanning 35 

Skirts,    Cotton 64 

Skirts,    Linen 65 

Soap,   Ordinary    65 

Socks,  Wool 64 

Special    Opportunities 61 

Spinning  Mills 34 

Spirits  and   Wines 34 

Spruce,  Mr.,  Rubber  Authority 43 

Steam    Ship    Lines 29 

Steam     Pumps 66 

Stocks,   Woolen 64 

Stockings,  Manufacture  of 62 

Stocking  Machines  Wanted 62 

Stockings,   Cotton 64 

Stockings,   Linen 65 

Stockings,     Silk 65 

Street  Cars   65 

Sucre  58 

Suchiman   54 

Sugar  Cane 46 

Sugar  Factories 33 

Sugar,  Production  of 52 

Suits,    Linen 65 

Table  Cloths,  Cotton 64 

Table  Cloths.  Linen 64 

Tambopata    River 44 

Tambo  de   Mora 56 

Tambo  de  Mora,  Production  of 56 

Tanning     Skins 35 

Tariff    Customs 64 

Tarna 49 

Taxes,    Mines 38 

Telegraph 30 


Threads,    Linen 65 

Threads,    Cotton 64 

Threads,    Silk 64 

Threads,    Woolen 64 

Trains,    Portable 34 

Trees,  Yield  of 43 

Trunks    65 

Trujillo 53 

Trujillo,  Population  of 53 

Tumbes    50 

Tumbes,    Population    of 50 

Valises    65 

Valuable    Sources 39 

Various    Industries 35 

Velvet,   Cotton 64 

Velvet,    Silk 64 

Velvet,  Linen 65 

Vineyards,  Fortunes  in 61 

Violins    65 

Wagons,    Small 65 

West  Coast  of  America  Line,  The 29 

Wheel    Barrows 65 

Wines   and   Spirits 34 

Wines,    Production    of 56 

Woolens,  Tariff  of 64 

Wrappers   65 

Yucayali,  The  Region  of 48 

Urubamba,    Population    of 60 


jp%lM^ 


An  excellent  book  on  the  West  Coast  of  South 
America,  giving  the  advantages,  history  and  a  won- 
derful lot  of  information  of  Peru,  Ecuador  and  the 
Panama  Canal,  is  written  by  Chas.  M.  Pepper,  who 
accompanied  Secretary  Root  to  South  Ameria,  as 
correspondent,  called 

PANAMA  TO  PATAGONIA 

THE  ISTHMIAN  CANAL  AND  THE  WEST 

COUNTRIES  OF  SOUTH 

AMERICA 

By  CHARLES  M.  PEPPER 

Price  $2.50 

Published  By 

A.  G.  McCLERG  &  CO., 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 

1906 

Our  readers  are  advised  to  get  the  book  for  the 
mass  of  valuable  information  it  contains. 


Messrs.  Plon  Nourit  &  Co  ,  of  Pan*,  France,  pub- 
lish a  book  in  French,  called 

LE  PEROU,  1903 

being  the  history  of  an  exploring  tour  throughout 
the  interior  of  Peru,  exploring  the  gold  fields  and 
rubber  forests  on  behalf  of  the  Commercial  Missions 
of  the  French  Department  of  State. 

Price  $1.50 


RY  FACILITY 


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